# All Questions

282 views

### Are there cryptographic hash functions with homomorphic properties? [duplicate]

Are there cryptographic hash functions that have homomorphism-like properties? E.g. satisfying following relation $h(a || b) = h(a) · h(b)$, where $h(x)$ is hash function itself, $x || y$ is ...
129 views

### Trapdoors for lattices

I refer to an article https://eprint.iacr.org/2011/501. I focus on (a bit modified) Algorithm 1 which runs as follows (in my understanding): For given $n, m\in \mathbb N$, $q=2^k$ and a distribution ...
205 views

### Equal length of primes in paillier cryptosystem

In the key generation step of paillier cryptosystem , In order to satisfy $\gcd(pq,(p-1)(q-1))=1$ , we can take equal length primes. Instead of taking(length as parameter to generate $p,q$) equal ...
237 views

### How often do I need to rotate AES 256 keys

I'm trying to design a protocol for a resource constrained environment. The device has to communicate with a server through an insecure node. My plan is to use AES 256 end to end for all ...
456 views

### Which block cipher mode(s) is most appropriate in these applications?

I have a few questions I'm stuck on for a cryptography course I'm doing, any help would be much appreciated. The first application is for decryption on a multicore processor. I assume any of ECB, ...
221 views

### Quantum key exchange skepticism/confusion

I was hoping somebody could explain some issues I have with quantum key exchange that I don't quite understand. I've read bits and pieces about BB84 but I'm sure my questions probably apply to other ...
278 views

### How can I map arbitrary group elements to unique integers without using Hash functions?

Let's say, I have a group $G$ of large prime order $p$. A set $S$ consists of $n$ random elements chosen from $G$. Without using a collision resistant hash function $H$, how can I map elements of $G$ ...
734 views

### Isn't a simple Vernam cipher as secure as known symmetric key algorithms?

I have just read little about the Vernam cipher and the problems of implementing it. But, in practice, would not the key, if generated by a commonly used programming language's ...
4k views

### Can I remove new lines in a public key?

Can I remove new lines from the rsa public key file to get a one line string? So the question is if the key looks like this AAA BBB CCC or ...
971 views

### SHA512withRSA - Looking for details about the Signature Algorithm

I am trying to find information about the Signature Algorithm SHA512withRSA and have been unsuccessful so far. In the current state, the signature is too long, so I would like to check the code for ...
1k views

### breaking fully homomorphic encryption schemes

Fully homomorphic encryption schemes allow one to evaluate any arbitrary computation over encrypted data. Intuitively this seems to be too weak, irrespective of how we achieve this. An adversary who ...
109 views

### Privacy-Preserving Protocols and Proofs of Security

While dabbling in privacy-preserving protocols (mainly using Semi-Homomorphic Encryption) and coming up with miscellaneous ideas for comparison tests or other similar primitives, based on obfuscation ...
108 views

### Does the initial exchange of random tokens in SKID3 authentication assure against replay attacks?

As the question suggests, I wanted to get a sanity-check on this issue... is it the case that the use of a random token exchange during SKID3 authentication itself constitute a prevention of a replay ...
150 views

### Why verify padding at all?

Whenever a ciphertext is decrypted using a block-cypher, we need to remove the padding. There are different ways to add padding, but they usually set the last byte of the last block to the number of ...
230 views

### Are there valid attacks on full SHA-1?

Google today announced they are sunsetting SHA-1. Its fine by me. But that made me realize I am not keeping up with the research on SHA-1. The Wikipedia page only says Stevens' attack is the most ...
99 views

### How do you create a large PRP from a small one?

How can you efficiently create a pseudorandom permutation with a large domain given a PRP with a small domain? Meaning: given an $n$-bit PRP, how can I create an $n k$-bit PRP? I'm only interested in ...
128 views

### Generating S boxes that satisfy Coppersmith's criteria?

I'd like to generate all possible 6-bit to 4-bit S-Boxes that satisfy the criteria for S-Box design given by Coppersmith, but I have a few doubts: How many such S-Boxes are possible? Is there any ...
254 views

### “Practical” operations supported by functional encryption?

I'm curious about what operations have been developed into functional encryption schemes. What I mean by that is: what operations can be performed over encrypted ciphertexts? Obviously homomorphic ...
88 views

### What does $\to$ mean in the following definition of a block cipher?

In the following picture $\kappa$ is the key length and $n$ is the block size. I understand that $\{0,1\}^\kappa$ means all possible combination of keys and $\{0,1\}^n$ means all possible combination ...
420 views

### DES S-Box properties

Two of the properties that lead to the design of DES S-Boxes are: 1)For any non-zero 6-bit difference between inputs, no more than 8 of the 32 pairs of inputs exhibiting that difference may result ...
156 views

Padding oracle attacks are a huge nuisance when using CBC mode encryption without authentication. Wouldn't all those padding oracle attacks be avoided if we'd just use bit padding instead? Or is does ...
303 views

### How to prove Security of Onion Layers of encryption?

CryptDB has Onion layers of Encryption to provide wider functionality from weaker forms of encryption. How do we prove such things are indeed secure ? Intuitively It seems ok. Are there any parallels ...
665 views

### Why does FIPS 186-4 require specific sizes for keys?

In FIPS 186-4, page 32, about FFC crypto it is required that the length of $p$ will be exactly 1024 bit and the length of $q$ will be exactly 160 bit. Why is the requirement not stated in terms of ...
120 views

### What's causing the poor randomness in this program: the LCG, or the program logic itself?

(Crypto Gods, I should begin by stressing that I haven't lost my mind: I'm not doing this in real life, I'm just trying to understand the theory behind what's happening. With your help, hopefully I ...
2k views

### Shannon confusion and diffusion concept

I read the document(not the whole document) from Shannon where he speaks about the concepts of confusion and diffusion. I read in many places(not in the document but around the internet) that ...
148 views

### Base64 for a hash algorithm [closed]

May be a silly question, but I am really curious. If a hash algorithm uses Base64 in the process of hashing a string for example, it is still considered a hash algorithm, even though it uses an ...
151 views

### What is the most secure key expansion routine?

I am looking at G now, but is there a better, (in terms of security and speed), means by which a byte array can be expanded that doesn't involve another cipher, just a simple algorithm? I need to ...
72 views

### Cracking an appliance's network protocol

I'm trying to crack my thermostat's network protocol. I've captured several rounds of network traffic and here is what I've got to work with. Communicating via HTTP POST The POST data is JSON ...
775 views

### Why is Rijndael key length restricted?

Why is Rijndael restricted to key length in $\lbrace 128, 160, 192, 224, 256\rbrace$ bits (and not larger)? The algorithm looks to me like it would support an arbitrary-sized key (multiple of $32$). ...
326 views

### Is it possible to generate a secure permutation F over 32-bit integers even if F(0) … F(n) is public knowledge?

I'm currently interested in the problem of generating random-looking URLs from sequential database IDs, like how they do it in link shorteners. One way to do this is to encrypt the sequential database ...
81 views

### Is using SHA256 to extract entropy from a p-rand nonce a good way to create keying material?

Using $SHA256(N)$, where $N$ is 64 bytes of output from the Microsoft Windows CryptGenRandom function. Are there any known vulnerabilities with using this method to ...
58 views

### ECIES: Purpose of optional shared information?

According to Wikipedia the ECIES algorithm has two optional shared information $S_1$ and $S_2$. They are used as follows: Generate a random shared secret $Z$ according to ECIES, which will never be ...
230 views

### Would xoring 2 independant AES CTRs to produce p-rand introduce vulnerabilities?

Assuming $$AES_{k_1}(C_1) \oplus AES_{k_2}(C_2)$$ where AES is used in CTR mode, $C$ is a 128 bit incrementing counter, keys and counters for both transforms are random as well as unique, and the ...
130 views

### ECIES: Purpose of MAC?

Assumptions: $A$ wants to communicate with $B$ $A$ knows a public key $P_B$ which is trusted by a third party and belongs to $B$ $A$ knows the address of someone who pretends to be $B$ $A$ wants ...
322 views

### Is this correct way to generate stream cipher using AES CTR mode?

We are implementing searchable encryption techniques proposed by Song et al in Java for a paper[1]. The schemes need a Stream Cipher for achieving search over encrypted data. The stream of random bits ...
6k views

### Is secp256r1 more secure than secp256k1?

Curves secp256r1 and secp256k1 are both examples of two elliptic curves used in various asymmetric cryptography. Googling for these shows most of the top results are Bitcoin related. I've heard the ...
2k views

### Change Salt when Changing Password?

Assume a password storage scheme using a computationally-expensive hash algorithm and a CSPRNG salt. User ID, salt, and hash value are stored in a table; if the table is compromised, all three ...
37 views

### What is the restriction on k, for the kth composite residuosity problem to be hard

This paper considers the exponent to be an odd integer. When k = 2, it is called the quadratic residuosity problem (mod n where n is composite) which is hard and can be solved if the factorization of ...
307 views

### Perfectly secure shift cipher

Prove that if only one character is encrypted using a shift cipher, then the shift cipher is perfectly secure. I want to show that $P(P=p | C=c)=P(P=p)$. But I don't know how to relate. Can anyone ...
171 views

### Hill Cipher question

Recently, I was given three ciphers to crack for my cryptography class. At this point, I have guessed that one of them is likely a Hill cipher (probably 3x3, as that is the most complex we have done ...
90 views

### Statistical tests for pseudorandom permutations

I'm implementing a format-preserving encryption scheme similar to those described in the literature. I want to sanity test my PRP using some statistical tests like TestU01. However, I'm not sure how ...
1k views

### What are options to compute DES retail MAC (aka ISO 9797-1 mode 3) under PKCS#11?

The DES retail MAC, also known as ISO 9797-1 mode 3 with DES, computes the MAC of a block of data using a 16-byte (112 bit) key. It can be seen as CBC-MAC using simple DES with the first half of the ...
246 views

### Encryption-Decryption-Encryption

I have learned from Applied Cryptography that triple encryption with three independent keys in encryption-decryption-encryption (EDE) process gives security not higher then $2^{2n}$ when it comes to ...
193 views

### Which public key encryption scheme is re-randomizable? How can I re-randomize an encryption scheme?

Which public key encryption scheme is re-randomizable? Is there any library for re-randomizable encryption scheme? If not, how can I re-randomize a given public key encryption scheme? I cannot find ...
489 views

### AES-ECB as an authentication mechanism

ECB is considered to be insecure when used for confidentiality because identical plaintext result with identical ciphertext. But what if we use ECB for authentication? Assume A wants to transmit an ...
153 views

### Complexity of verifying OTP secret

What is the minimum number of unique pairs of digests and inputs to a one-time pass needed to verify that a secret is equal to a ...
419 views

### What is the exact purpose of length padding in Merkle–Damgård hash functions? [duplicate]

Is a length padding technique in a hash function used to avoid length extension attacks ?
75 views

### Advantages of using intermediate hash over full hash in digital signature application

Description of intermediate hashes Intermediate (or partial) hashes are canonical forms of digest state that can be transferred from one hash implementation to another, so that the other, limited ...
Suppose a $1000$-bit key used in the one-time pad is not randomly and uniformly generated. Suppose that the values of the first $5$ bits are $0$, and the other $995$ bits are randomly generated and ...