# All Questions

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### SHA-1 Keyed Hash Function

I know that SHA-1 is an unkeyed cryptographic hash function when used in practice. But, in the theory, all hash function are defined with keys. My question is: How I will be able to formalize the ...
3k views

### What does AES256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 mean in relation to Kerberos?

I'm not completely clueless as to what it means, but I'd like to understand it at a higher level. The highest encryption type used by Active Directory domain controllers for Kerberos authentication ...
121 views

### PPT eavesdroper able to output $m_{0}$ and $m_{1}$ of different lengths

I've read the following two questions and their answers: Messages of different lengths and one-time computationally-secret Why is a non fixed-length encryption scheme worse than a fixed-length one? ...
167 views

### Would this program be useful in cryptography?

I know nothing of encrypting. I'm not even sure how to tag this. I wrote a program that can calculate this pretty quickly on my macbook pro 2.3GHz IntelCore i7. The two exponents are Mersenne primes, ...
161 views

### Splitting a password for dual roles [duplicate]

I would like to prompt users for a single passphrase to establish trust with separate, normally (but not always) complementary systems from one password input. I'm essentially looking for a box where ...
334 views

### With TLS and ECDHE, how does curve selection work?

Given that a TLS client and server have already agreed upon ECDHE for session key establishment, how does the selection of the actual elliptic curve ("domain parameters") being used for deriving the ...
4k views

### HMAC SHA256 vs RSA SHA256 - which one to use

Salesforce recently announced they are moving away from HMAC SHA256 to RSA SHA256. Why did they make that move?. Any technical factors? Is HMAC really easy to break? ...
598 views

### RSA decrypt long messages (javascript)

I am attempting to encrypty/decrypt a long message in RSA using javascript (with crypto-js and jsbn libraries). I posted this on stackoverflow too but I figured someone here on crypto might be able ...
70 views

### Safety when disclosing hashes of secrets used to calculate other secrets

In my application, I am generating a big random number and publishing a SHA256 hash of it. After the hash it published (but not the secret), anyone can submit any number, and the system will calculate ...
559 views

### Serpent block cipher : S0 to S7 functions unclear

I am presently implementing the serpent block cipher in C++ following the specifications. It's important to mention that I'm implementing the cipher in bitslice mode. You'll need the The full ...
2k views

### Simple digital signature example with number

I've been looking for a simple which signs a number with some randomly generated key and then verified(decrypts the original number) with the public key, which is generated by the private. All the ...
483 views

### Schnorr Identification Scheme under active adversary

According to the paper “GQ and Schnorr Identification Schemes: Proofs of Security against Impersonation under Active and Concurrent Attacks” by Mihir Bellare and Adriana Palacio, the Schnorr ...
329 views

### How is multiplication inverted in IDEA's decryption round?

As we can see in the picture we have a multiplication in this algorithm, we know that two 16 bit inputs should have a 32 bit output, but here we just use 16 bits of the 32 bit output. For ...
118 views

### Self authenticating tamper resistant first meetings

I'm not sure what the precise words I am looking for are so I apologize if there is a better way to phrase this. What I am thinking of is ways to transfer an identity in a way that it is tamper ...
134 views

### Is it possible to find a preimage for a reduced size hash?

Given a message $M$ and a 256 bit key $K$, perform HMAC($K$, $M$) with a 256 bit hash function resulting in: $a$ = ...
579 views

### How to protect from Silver–Pohlig–Hellman algorithm

I read that Silver–Pohlig–Hellman algorithm solves the discrete logarithm with prime module $p$ in $O(\log^2(p))$ if $p-1$ is a smooth number. This seems pretty fatal for cryptography, since it is a ...
197 views

### General-purpose non-interactive multi-party computation protocol

Most of general purpose multi-party computation protocols are highly interactive. Especially the ones with Shamir's secret scheme, as there is a degree reduction step in multiplication that needs the ...
143 views

### One-way function and $EXP$

All examples of one-way functions I have see till now are closely related to the assumption that $NP\neq P$ (or even weaker ones, such as $UP\neq P$), but why not considering the theorem $P\neq EXP$? ...
298 views

### Understanding the “cube-root math” behind an RSA signature forgery

I'm trying to understand the math outlined in this paper on a RSA signature forgery attack. I understand it except for one aspect of how the cube root (that makes the forged signature) is computed. ...
545 views

### Derive a key from public data using a secret master key

Users in my system will be given a device that contains a 128-bit AES user key. The user key will be derived from 64 bits of public data related to the user, which is unique but very predictable (i.e. ...
362 views

### Question on monoalphabetic substitution

Question: A stream of cipher operates on a data stream of 6-bit characters using a simple mono-alphabetic substitution technique. Estimate and explain the number of different substitution ...
921 views

### Hash function based on pseudorandom functions and security

Are there hash functions that make use of pseudorandom functions. Precisely, I'm looking for a specification of a hash function based on PRF (and based on the security of such a primitive).
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### security amplification

Reading some papers on security amplification of weak-PRP written by Stefano Tessaro, I noticed the use of notion "epsilon-PRP" and the notion of "security amplification". These notions, in ...
82 views

### Decimal point in keyspace notations? (eg 2^54.15)?

I was reading up on CryptoCat's (pretty ridiculous) programming issues and how is dramatically reduced the key search space (link to bug synopsis) One thing that caught my eye was So 2^54.15 ...
359 views

### DSA, RSA, ECDSA etc - which one is cheapest for signing?

For a protocol where the server presents its signature to prove authenticity (e.g. IKE/SIGMA/STS with only one party authenticated), it's essential that the signing is extremely cheap, while ...
216 views

### Lamport-Diffie + Security Proof

I am studying Lamport-Diffie signature scheme. In the lecture present the algorithm $A'$ for attempting to invert the one way function $f$, where $f$ is used to compute the public key. My question is ...
263 views

### Encryption schemes and pseudorandom permutations

Can an encryption scheme (deterministic or not) be viewed as a pseudorandom permutation taking as input a message and returning a value of the same bit-encoding length ? Thank you.
472 views

### Are there Cryptography certifications variants of CISSP?

Are there Cryptography certifications variants of CISSP ( Certified Information Systems Security Professional)? Like a CISSP exams, but only for cryptography?
936 views

### Sending TLS messages with out encryption using openssl code

Is it possible to send messages over TLS with out encryption? If so which cipher suite is needed for this?
261 views

### Seemingly simple decryption question

Forgive the very novice question, but... Given an algorithm which, upon inputting an unchanging 4-character string, generates a variable 6-character string, but having no idea what the algorithm is ...
114 views

### What type of groups does Microsoft's U-Prove use (Schnorr… etc?)

I'm trying to learn more about the Subgroups implementation of Microsoft UProve. I'm unsure if they are Schnorr Groups or use a different foundation? Can anyone point me to the technical reading ...
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### What is meant by this notation in the ElGamal key generation process?

Alice chooses i) A large prime $p_A$ (say 200 to 300 digits) ii) A primitive element $\alpha_A$ modulo $p_A$, iii) A (possibly random) integer $d_A$ with $2 \le d_A \le p_A-2$. Alice ...
331 views

### Is symmetric key encrypted with server's public key secure

I'm trying to implement lightweight yet secure protocol for communicating two trusted parties with each other. Consider following scheme: Alice wants to establish secure two-sided channel with ...
124 views

### How can I split a message in parts of similar size or smaller?

I have a 130-160 characters message that I need to split in say, 3 parts, and be able to reconstruct it by recovering all 3 parts. I also need that these parts are type-able, meaning that they can't ...
140 views

### Do I need to keep a 64-bit version number secret?

Assume the following structure: version | iv | ciphertext | HMAC(version | iv | ciphertext | ..., key) The version starts out ...
326 views

### Polynomial multiplication and division in2^128

I want to multiply and divide polynomials, and implement the extended Euclidean algorithm for polynomial greatest common divisors, over a Galois Field of size $2^{128}$. Moreover, I want to use the ...
312 views

### Security of Salsa20 with some known plaintext?

Basic question- if I'm encoding a bunch of known filetypes with salsa20, will it still be secure if the plaintext header is known? Assume that a different IV and Key are generated before each file is ...
266 views

### chaining rsa with ecies

In an answer to a previous question it was suggested that one way to protect your asymmetrically encrypted AES-256 keys, from say a solution to prime factorization, would be to chain asymmetric ...
200 views

### standard way to authenticate parties with public keys without certificates

Is there some standard protocol for mutual authentication of two parties when there is possibility to use public key cryptography? The problem is that two parties can use public key cryptography but ...
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I'm looking for feedback on whether or not this is the proper way to approach password verification without transmitting the actual password. Are there any problems with this scheme. We are working ...
462 views

### Using salted hash as password for easy memorization without reuse?

I had an idea earlier: Secure passwords are a) long, and b) unpredictable. A hash is both of these. Would it be safe to reuse a key between sites, and include the site's name as a salt? For example: ...
116 views

### What's the difference between “HashX-512” and “HashX-1024”?

I need to make a Skein hash's, specifically, Skein-1024; however, I only have access currently to Skein-512. Is there any way to utilize a Skein-512 function to get the result of a Skein-1024 hash? ...
166 views

### which asymmetric cipher provide highest performance?

to get highest performance Which asymmetric cipher provide fastest encryption/decryption ? ECC or DH ? what key size is recommended today ?
130 views

### In which disciplinary category can cryptography be put?

Is it a multi-disciplinary, inter-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary, or maybe even trans-disciplinary? What are the basis to describe each kind? I mean, how can we infer by which disciplinary field we ...
344 views

### What is total key space in transposition algorithms

How we can measure key space in transposition algorithms? Should we specify the method, like rail fence?
489 views

### Partial decryption of large file in AES-GCM (or other modes)?

Lets assume a 4gig file that is internally made of 1 million pages of 4k bytes each (page). the file was originally AES-GCM encrypted these pages (or entire file) lives across the internet i.e. ...
2k views

### is AES secure for java application licensing

I have to license a java application and want to code a quick implementation, the scheme I came up with is: 1) The Application calculates a string X which we assume to be the md5 sum of the ...
186 views

### How to solve the reverse of an equation that uses MOD?

I've been tasked with reverse engineering an unknown crypto function. The function uses the following constants: $a=380951$: I noticed that this is a prime number $b=3182$: I noted that this is a ...