# All Questions

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### Encryption through multiplication of encoded key [closed]

Yesterday I finished programming my own encryption program. It is using an input and a key. Here are all the steps it is going through. For an example, let say the ...
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### Can AES in CBC mode be parallelized?

Is there any way to parallelize AES running in CBC mode? (The plan is to parallelize it using OpenMP)
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### security in format preserving encryption

In format preserving encryption an attacker knows the format and data type of the plain text. The format of the plain text and cipher text are same. usually cipher text are unreadable form. then how ...
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### Does this chat protocol exist?

I want to implement a secure chat via mobile. I´ld like to know if the following protocol for key agreement – which can use any asymmetric encryption – exists. Suppose Alice and Bob are two clients ...
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### Does failure of indistinguishability of encryptions imply lack of CPA-security?

Suppose we have an encryption scheme that fails the indistinguishability of encryptions test. That is, given messages $m_0, m_1$ and a ciphertext $c_b = Enc_k(m_b)$, where $b \in \{0, 1\}$, the ...
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### Chosen-plaintext attack

Let F be a block cipher with 128-bit block length. Consider the following encryption scheme for 256-bit messages: to encrypt message $M=m_1∥m_2$ using key $k$ (where $|m_1|=|m_2|=128$), choose random ...
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### Negilible Function $\frac{1}{n!}$

Is $\frac{1}{n!}$ a negligible function where $n$ is a security parameter? Application: I have a vector of n>100 elements. I permute it and give it to an adversary. The adversary can break it if it ...
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### AES process candidates implementations and usages

There were fifteen candidates in the AES selection and I suppose that Rijndael wasn't the single good algorithm. I know that Camellia is an evolution of E2 candidate and can be used as symetric ...
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### Question about discrete log - why can one attacker not solve for g but two colluders can?

I'm reading about the broadcast encryption described in Fiat and Naor's paper, I screen grabbed the relevant part below. My question is essentially: If there's a secret: $g^{abc}$ $mod$ $A$ (where ...
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### Bilinear pairing arithmetic

Is this $e(g^x,g^yH^z) = e(g^x,g^y)e(g^x,H^z)$ expression is true? where $g$ is the generator and $H \in G$
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### How to create a PEM file for storing an RSA key?

I have an RSA private key $\{d,n\}$ and a public key $\{e,n\}$, where $n$ is the modulus, and I also have the prime factors $p$ and $q$ of $n$. I want to create a PEM file containing this ...
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### Given an encrypted file, what are possible ways to find its encryption algorithm?

Given an encrypted file, what are possible ways to find its encryption algorithm? Heuristic ways are okay as well.
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### What is a good way to handle longer strings using FPE?

While experimenting with this FPE based on FE1 http://botan.randombit.net/manual/fpe.html (well actually a port of it in C#) I found when the string length gets too long (number of characters N) ...
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### What is the “Walsh Function” about?

I'm currently dealing on the so called “Walsh Function” (WF) that is written like: $$f^W(a)=\sum_{x\in{F^n_2}}(-1)^{f(x)+(a,x)}$$ What I know is that this function is used to approximate an arbitrary ...
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### Format preserving encryption FFX

In FFX mode the format of the ciphertext is same as plaintext. How does it ensure data integrity and authentication? Is there any bit flip attack in FFX mode? Is it malleable?
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### Key iteration count while using random keyfile larger than master key

If I were to have a 4096-bit file of random data (/dev/random) used as a keyfile for LUKS, would there be any benefit to having a key iteration count higher than 1? My reasoning is that the attacker ...
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### What is SHA-256 in Conjunctive Normal Form?

What is the conjunctive normal form (CNF) representation of $\text{SHA-256}(m)=h$, where $m$ is of fixed (or bounded) size and $h$ is 256 bit?
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### Attribute-based encryption for cloud storage

I'm trying to understand attribute-based encryption schemes. Almost all articles describe that they are designed for cloud storage, but as I understand, almost all computing (encryption & ...
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### Is authentication length always a subset of encryption length?

Do in all the use cases, if I have to encrypt and authenticate, encrypt-then-authenticate or authenticate-then-encrypt, like in IPSEC, SSL or SSH or others, if I were to do these operations to a ...
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### Vigenère, auto-correlation vs Kasiski examination

What are the differences between 'Kasiski examination' and 'auto-correlation' ? In Cryptool site, they state that autocorrelation analysis is more efficient and clearer than the Friedman or Kasiski ...
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### How does the Blowfish algorithm key initialization work

I'm having some trouble understanding the Blowfish encryption algorithm. From the Wikipedia article... The secret key is then, byte by byte, cycling the key if necessary, XORed with all the ...
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### Prove there is PRG that is not necessarily one-to-one

We assume that there is at least one PRG .Now prove there is a PRG like $G:\{0,1\}^{n} \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{l(n)}$ such that it is not necessarily one-to-one.
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### Using similar passwords and salts for PBKDF2

I'm trying to generate a bunch of pseudo-random keys for AES using PBKDF2, where the AES ciphers will be used in CTR mode as pseudo-random number generators. My goal is to create a 2-dimensional ...
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### Creating unique keys with md5

The project I'm working on requires me to find a way to create a unique key based on data stored in a table. The table in question consists of x columns and y rows. In order to create the key I want ...
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### Common reference string in NIZK

I want to ask that does the common reference string in NIZK have to be random? Or can it be anything?
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### Replay Attack in Stream Cipher

Stream ciphers are vulnerable to replay attack if the same key k is used. If E() is a stream cipher and an attacker intercepts the message m that's being transmitted at time t, how can the attacker ...
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### Average/approximate difference in value between valid consecutive $x$ coordinates in ECC?

From my basic understanding not all values of $x$ coordinates can satisfy a given elliptic curve equation, i.e. some $x$ coordinate values are not valid points on the curve because $x^3+ax+b$ is not a ...
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### Is only one shared secret generated by ECDH per key pair?

I'm confused about ECDH. Using their public keys and private keys, two entities can arrive on a shared secret. But from the equations I've seen, it looks like ONLY the numbers present in their key ...
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### Authentication using a one-time pad

I am building a small embedded system of two nodes that communicate wirelessly. The microcontrollers I'm using are very limited: they only have 256 bytes of RAM. I would like to be able to ...
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### How does ECDHE_RSA key exchange mechanism work?

Using Wireshark, I found these data exchanged with google.com over TLS: Client Hello possible cipher suites and possible curve types (eg. secp256r1) sent Server Hello cipher suite selected ...
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### How are RSA and ElGamal compatible in PGP?

I'm starting to play with PGP and I don't understand how if your key pair is RSA you can encrypt a message for someone whose key is for example ElGamal. How does the asymmetric key exchange work if ...
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### HMAC tag to verify the key (verification in the reverse direction)

A quick question. Are there any problems with the following HMAC use-case: We have two entities ($A$ and $B$), both of them have a secret ($A$ has $S_0$ and $B$ has $S_1$) $A$ generates a random ...
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### Deciphering text encrypted with a changing cipher

I know there are many ways to crack basic ciphers were each letter is mapped to some other letter, but what ways are there to decode something that was encrypted using a cipher that changed after ...
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Server A produces signed messages on request. You can tell server A what type of RSA padding to use in the signature (either RSASSA-PKCS1v1_5 or RSASSA-PSS). Either way, the message will be signed ...
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### Why are modes of operation used, what attacks do they prevent?

I know you always need to use a mode of operation when using a block cipher, AES for example, and Wikipedia has a good explanation for what modes of operation are Now I know if i do not use a mode of ...
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### How do SignRecover and VerifyRecover work?

In PKCS#11, there are the SignRecover and VerifyRecover methods, where the data can be recovered from the signature. How do these methods work? Can I implement signrecover and verifyrecover with ...
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### Performing differential cryptanalysis for randomly generated S-boxes

As far as I know, performing differential or linear cryptanalysis always requires a knowledge of the S-boxes' content and order. Yet in Bruce Schneier's Applied Cryptography, it is stated that random ...
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### What would a backdoor in symmetric key cipher look like? [duplicate]

Pretty much what the title says. DES was suspected of having one, but I couldn't imagine what it could possibly look like if only the NSA knew how to use it. Dual_EC_DRBG's backdoor is asymmetric, but ...
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### ECDSA Public key randomness

If I have a 256bit ECDSA public key how likely is it that the same public key will be generated by another person. Will it take on average 2^256 tries to generate same public key? If I xor the first ...
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### In a additive group is it hard to calculate $bg$ given $ag, g, abg$

The ECDH problem defined that given $g,ag,bg$ it is difficult to calculate $abg$. But it is also difficult to calculate $bg$ given $ag,g,abg$. where $g$ is generator and a,b are elements of group.
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### Is the result of HMAC-sha256 distinguishable from random noise?

Is if the result of HMAC-sha256 distinguishable from random noise? If so, given: a collection of 1000 keys, and 1000 messages of random noise, 100 signed by each of only 10 of those keys Can ...
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### What is the polynomial to use in the Massey-Omura cryptosystem?

The Massey-Omura cryptosystem uses "multiplication over the finite field $GF(2^n)$. I'm just starting understand the idea of multiplying polynomials and I've searched for online calculators to use for ...
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### Noisiest RF band for random number generation

I've been looking into the difference between PRNGs and proper RNG techniques. One that I particularly like is the idea of tuning a radio to a certain frequency and bandwidth and just listening to the ...