# All Questions

185 views

### Finding key of AES in ECB mode

How many plaintext-ciphertext pairs would be needed to guess with probability, say $p=0.5$, the key $k$ of AES under ECB mode? Most of the articles that I found tried attacks on single plaintext-...
108 views

### Proving that a node is the only child

Say I have a graph of messages like this: A | B / \ C D By including the parent hash in the message to be hashed I can show that B is a child of A, ...
47 views

### How to calculate Enc(-m) from Enc(m) in Paillier cryptosystem?

The encryption in Paillier cryptosystem is like this according to Wikipedia: Let $m$ be a message to be encrypted where $m \in \mathbb{Z}_n$ Select random $r$ where $r \in \mathbb{Z}_n^*$ Compute ...
142 views

### How to use CRT to compute 4 square roots while decryption in Rabin Cryptosystem

I'm reading Rabin Cryptosystem which requires to compute 4 square roots $r, -r, s,- s$ while decryption of cipher text $c$ such that $$r = (y_p \times p \times m_q + y_q \times q \times m_p) \mod n$$...
116 views

### AES/DES question about determine a key

I have a question. If you receive a DES encrypted message for which you would NOT recognize the plaintext if it were decrypted, is there any way to potentially determine the key if all keys are likely?...
40 views

### Data Switching and Information Leakage

Hypothesis: Let $z,a$ be uniformly random elements of a field $\mathbb{F}_p$ where $p$ is a large prime number. Also, let $(-z)$ be additive inverse of $z$. I have a fixed secret value $x$. I mask ...
230 views

### Can a file encrypted with one tool be decrypted with different tool? [closed]

I'm new to cryptography and I'm trying implement a file encryption feature into a Python program but I'm running into a big issue...what is needed for someone else to decrypt the file?! Obviously, I ...
427 views

### What is required to decrypt an encrypted file?

At the risk of sounding stupid and being laughed at...I must ask this question. What is required to decrypt an encrypted file? Obviously you need the appropriate key to decrypt, but is any other ...
99 views

### Are there full cycle cryptographic/one-way hash primitives?

I'm looking for behavior similiar to that of LCGs, (i.e. input and output sizes are same). Full cycle of $2^{32}$ different inputs generates full cycle of $2^{32}$ different outputs, distribution of ...
108 views

### What is the difference between CPA and IND-CPA?

I am writing a paper and I got comments from the reviewer that I don’t really understand. Is there any difference between a CPA (Chosen Plaintext Attack) and IND-CPA (Indistinguishability under ...
64 views

### Has there been any research on entropy efficient information-theoretically secure PRNGs?

I have an idea for an research project, but I am first wondering if it has been researched or implemented before. I think I have a way to come up with a set of PRNG algorithms which have the ...
70 views

### How to generate backup key for PBKD functions?

I would like to encrypt some files using AES, Ill derive key from password using some standard PBKD function and use that as AES encryption key. My question is, if user forgets the main password, ...
48 views

### Number generation for Fujisaki-Okamoto commitment scheme parameters

I need to implement the Fujisaki-Okamoto commitment scheme for a project such that I can demonstrate performance of various zero-knowledge proofs in relation to one another, for example Boudot's "...
33 views

### TLS: How is the shared secret (via Diffie-Hellman) used in the symmetric crypto function?

So let's say we use a cipher suite with DH key exchange and AES symmetric encryption. Alice and Bob both end up with the same shared secret key $k$. How is this value ...
64 views

### Modified version of a CPA-secure encryption scheme

The following encryption scheme: choose a random string $r \leftarrow \{0,1\}^n$ and compute the ciphertext $c= \thinspace <c_0, c_1>= \thinspace <r, F_k(r) \oplus m>$, assuming $F$ a PRF; ...
217 views

### Obtain 384 bits from a 256bit MasterSecret

I'm currently implementing, with crypto++, and AES tranmsission system, whose key is based on a previous ...
77 views

### A secure function evaluation problem and an alternative of 1 out of n oblivious transfer?

I am considering a "secure function evaluation" problem: Consider two parties: A and B. A has a one-to-one mapping function $f(x)=k$. Basically, the function $f(x)$ can be regarded as a table of two ...
35 views

### Leakage in Secure Two party Computation

Am trying to understand Garbled Circuit based approach for Secure Two party Computation. There isn't much leakage in the classic millionaire's problem where the comparison circuit is used. But ...
88 views

### Is there really any way to nullify or avoid MITM attacks?

The question pretty much sums it up. Is there any way to make an attacker who is successfully performing an MITM attack to actually not be able to read or change the messages? Assuming there is no ...
65 views

### TLS Handshake : Server authentication or only Server ‘s Certificate authentication?

I have some difficulty understanding the way in which the Server is really authenticated by Client in TLS handshake (in case of using RSA key exchange). When Client receives Server ‘s Certificate and ...
37 views

### Exchanging keys via third party

In many symmetric key ciphers sender and receiver have to exchange a single key. They may also do it through 3rd party who distributes it to both of them. since 3rd party can read all messages ...
87 views

### Possible to determine equivalence of hash codes from different hashing functions?

Let $H_{1}(x)$, $H_{2}(x)$, ..., $H_{n}(x)$ be a list of $n$ secure one-way hash functions such that for a given input $x$ each $H_{i}(x) \neq H_{j}(x)$ when $i \neq j$. Give one hash function to ...
81 views

### Using scrypt to generate key + IV/nonce together

Is there any security issue in using scrypt for Key + IV/nonce generation? In other words, can I safely use only a salt for scrypt and derive the nonce along with the key? For example: I have data I ...
36 views

### Possible to detect if a message is PGP encrypted/signed (ciphertext)

Let's say I have a text field somewhere (i.e. an interactive user submitted text field on a PHP script, or a console application. Basically anything that accepts user input.) How can I detect if said ...
133 views

### Security impact of signing small data using RSA

I have an application which consists of a client and a server. Both have a pair of public and private key (RSA). For communication, both sign their messages and send them to the other part. So a ...
324 views

### Is the GOST block cipher broken?

Is the GOST cipher broken or known to be weak and insecure? Please try to simplify your answer since I am a programmer and not a cryptographer and please consider this web page and tell me if the ...
76 views

### One time pad ciphers in emails

In order to achieve very high security for privacy, would it be cryptographically secure to use one time pad ciphers in emails? The distribution of the keyword would pose no problems since I would ...
106 views

### Can CFB mode of block cipher be used as a commutative encryption?

Can CFB mode of block cipher be used as a commutative encryption? Is it possible to use CFB mode of AES block cipher to create commutative encryption? With CTR it is possible but not secure.
91 views

### Finding keys of modified DES encryption

This is a question I had in my exam today, and I'll be glad if someone can help me to find the answer. A student built an encryption algorithm (something between DES and 3DES), in which the ...
204 views

### What values constitute failing for ENT tests?

The dieharder tests give a clear PASSED, WEAK, etc and I'm wondering what those thresholds ...
99 views

### Diffe-Helman Exchange result is always 1

I watched a video on Khan Academy explaining the Diffe-Hellman exchange. When I try to do an example problem, I get 1 all the time. Does the generator and prime modulus (or base on Wikipedia) have to ...
52 views

### Meaning of pseudocode “$(C, S):=$”

I've seen pseudocode of this form in the Montgomery Multiplication related theses: $(C, S) := a[j]*b[0]+C$. What's the meaning of "$(C, S):=$", or what is the real code that converted from this ...
87 views

### Ideas for non duplicate cryptographically secure numbers

My Boss asked me this today. I am not a math major. He needs to generate 50 billion non-sequential non-duplicate (no collisions) cryptographically secure random numbers. I work in GO. Any ideas?
347 views

### How are subkeys, in Feistel block ciphers, derived for each round?

I'm bit confused about the subkeys that are used in Feistel ciphers. I know that all the subkeys ki are derived from the main key K, but how? Say I have a simplified Feistel block cipher of i rounds, ...
132 views

### Can I use an ECDH Shared Secret from the same Private / Public Key Pair?

I'd like to know if using the ECDH shared secret of a static EC Private Key with it's own corresponding static EC Public Key causes a problem / weakness. (edit) not asking if it's ok to re-use the ...
61 views

### Compression in Symmetric-Encryption?

When using symmetric encryption is it important to compress the data first? I think that compression will make data look "more random" and this might help the ciphertext be harder to crack but I am ...
290 views

### Why isn't Rabin-Williams cryptosystem widely used?

I think we all know RSA. And of course we also know DJB (a.k.a. Daniel J. Bernstein). Now some already have noticed that he has an opinion towards cryptographic questions. In his 2008 paper ("RSA ...
85 views

### Distinguishing attack on stream cipher created from a block cipher in counter mode

A block cipher in counter mode creates a key stream by: $$z_i = E_K(IV || i)$$ Where $IV$ is some chosen initialisation vector (with some length $l$ less that $n$ bits) and $i$ is the binary ...
140 views

### Why not put MAC in fixed position and cover padding for MAC-then-encrypt?

The biggest problem with using MtE with a mode where it's known to be secure (CBC) is with the padding, where you can't retrieve the authentication until you know where it is by looking at the padding ...
397 views

### How many bits of entropy can I expect from /dev/urandom in iOS?

Apple's latest security documentation indicates that it now uses CTR_DRBG for generating pseudo-random numbers (previously Yarrow instead of CTR_DRBG), using "timing variations during boot" and "...
159 views

### Hash length extension attack - SHA256 to 512 - impossible, correct?

Just want to be sure about something before I sign off on a method we're about to put into place. We have a secret, to which a user-defined key is appended. The user can see the SHA256 hash of the ...
45 views

### Does failure of indistinguishability of encryptions imply lack of CPA-security?

Suppose we have an encryption scheme that fails the indistinguishability of encryptions test. That is, given messages $m_0, m_1$ and a ciphertext $c_b = Enc_k(m_b)$, where $b \in \{0, 1\}$, the ...
75 views

### On composition of encryption schemes

If we composed (as in function composition) multiple CPA-secure encryption schemes would the result also be CPA-secure?
107 views

### How to securely store data? / How to securely encrypt a file? [closed]

How do I safely encrypt a file? or formulated differentely: How do I safely store the data of my application in a file? Note: Using established tools isn't an option for this. The tasks need to be ...
133 views

### Format preserving encryption FFX

In FFX mode the format of the ciphertext is same as plaintext. How does it ensure data integrity and authentication? Is there any bit flip attack in FFX mode? Is it malleable?
45 views

### Use of Lamport's Signature as a primitive

Is Lamport's One Time Signature used as a primitive to construct any other cryptographic protocols?
92 views

### Retrieve value of private key after encryption with the public key

Is there a way to find an RSA private key after it is encrypted with the corresponding public key? Does there exist an algorithm to recover the private key in this special case?
519 views

### How multiplicative property of RSA can be exploited

It is known that RSA has the multiplicative property $E(m_1) \cdot E(m_2) = E(m_1 \cdot m_2)$ because $m_1^e \cdot m_2^e = (m_1 \cdot m_2)^e \pmod n$ But how can this property be used to break ...