# All Questions

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### How do substution-permutation networks work? [duplicate]

I understand what is going on in higher level. But I don't understand what's really going on in page 3 and 4 of this slide. Specifically, How $S_0$ and $S_1$ is used? What goes in what goes out? ...
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### Are collisions in AES-128 theoretically possible when the plaintext is the same? [duplicate]

Is it theoretically possible to find $P$, $K$, and $K^\prime$ such that $E_K(P) = E_{K^\prime}(P)$ where $E$ is AES-128 and $K \ne K^\prime$? I'd imagine this would be infeasible, but is it actually ...
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### Q: Relevance of physical layer security to cryptography

I found that there are quite some active research activities in a field named "physical layer security", with in particular some types of codes that apparently are different from those commonly ...
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### help with cryptanalysis of a sponge permutation

I have been studying and researching hash functions. So far my research has led me to the sponge construction. It appears that the permutation used in the sponge to stir the state is more or less ...
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### System parameters in identity-based encryption

In IBE schemes, the system parameters are $(q, \mathbb{G}, F, \hat{e}, P, Q, T, H_1)$. I don't know $\hat{e}$. For example, in type A pairing… ...
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### Is F' a pseudorandom function when F is composed with G, a pseudorandom generator?

If $F$ is a pseudorandom function, is $F'$ also a pseudorandom function in the following: $$F'_k(x)=F_k(G(x)) \space \space \text,$$ where $G$ is $a$ pseudorandom generator? Also, does the other ...
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### Example of Projective Coordinates

Given the affine form of coordinates $(x,y)$ such as $(5,3)$, if I want to convert $(5,3)$ to projective coordinates $(x,y,z)$, should the form of point be $(5,3,1)$? It is triplet not a point, right? ...
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### Can we break ECDLP with this machine?

Let $P$ and $Q$ are two points of NIST elliptic curve $E$ (defined over $F_{2^m}$ with prime $m$) and $k$ is a private key such that $k.P=Q$. Also we have a machine that is able to leak some ...
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### What is the canonical way of creating merkle tree branches?

I'm currently looking into creating some compact merkle tree branches to prove that a given hash was included in a given merkle root. My initial thought was to list the leaf, the merkle root and all ...
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### compact rsa private key format

As shown in Why does my SSH private key still work after changing some bytes in the file? a typical RSA private key file contains. The public modulus $n$ and exponent $e$; The private ...
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### Recover secret $x$ when $c\equiv m^x \pmod p$ with public $p$ (modified)

Given an encryption system where $c\equiv m^x \pmod p$, $p$ is a known prime, 1. Is it possible to recover $x$ with a known plaintext attack? Given $(p,\text{factorization of }\varphi(p),m,c)$ 2. Is ...
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### Finding differentials and space complexity

Most of article about differential cryptanalysis present the generic method, the way to find sub keys. But I can't find a clear explanation about how to find the differentials used in examples. In ...
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### Why Generate Keys are inside game

I am studying reductions to prove security of crypto systems. Generally are used "games" for the proves. For example, the next image is extracted from the page 91 of the book Postquantum Cryptography. ...
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### Convert messages to elliptic curve points [duplicate]

Let $E$ be an elliptic curve; $\alpha,\beta$ two points of $E$; and $a$ a private key such that $\beta=a\cdot\alpha$. We choose random integer $k$ and plain text $x\in E$. Encryption and decryption ...
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### end-to-end encrypted chat app with symmetric + public key encryption, TLS and cert pinning

A big drawback of end-to-end encrypted messaging services is that, as soon as you lose your device, you lose all your messages. Your private key is gone after all. I was wondering though, wouldn't it ...
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### Why do we need Merkle–Damgård strengthening [duplicate]

Reading through some manuals, wikis and other documentation I'm learning about Merkle–Damgård construction. I understand why padding beginning with '1', followed by '0's is needed, but I can't ...
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### Zero Knowledge Argument for Subset Sum

What is the currently most efficient (interactive) zero knowledge proof/argument for the subset sum problem? The most recent relevant paper I have found is Efficient Modular NIZK Arguments from Shift ...
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### Provable security of cryptographic hash functions

I am working on the following exercise question: Consider the following construction of a “keyed” hash function from Katz & Lindell (ex. 7.22 (1st ed.)/ 8.21(2nd ed.)). Gen : On input 1n ...
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### Cyclic group collision resistant keyed cryptographic hash function

I am self-studying cryptography from a book and have come across a really difficult question that's doing my head in. I would be very grateful if somebody can help me out here with this difficult ...
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### comparison of security for identity based signature and Hashing (SHA-1) the identities

I would like to know which method can provide better security: using identity based signature or hashing the identities and message (using SHA-1) for authentication?
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### How to compute projective cordinate Z in elliptic curve cryptography?

I was working on affine coordinates and struggling with the computation time taken for operations and then I was advised to use projective coordinates so that mul-inverse operation can be avoided Can ...
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### authentication protocol questions/security

Disclaimer: I am the only person that uses my software. This is just experimental fun. I previously wrote a server/client that used the secure remote password protocol authentication. I had an idea ...
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### Diffie-Hellman over several non-secured HTTP requests - will it work?

This problem is about setting up cryptographic keys on an IoT device. I don't want my devices to be set up with any cryptographic keys pre-baked, but actual communication have to be based on TLS. Now ...
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### MITM Attack on Key Exchange Protocols

I was doing research on this attack and I am wondering, why is Diffie-Hellman always associated with such an attack? ​ Aren't other public key cryptography schemes vulnerable to the same kind of ...
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### Lightweight Algorithm

If I design a lightweight algorithm, How do I calculate gate equivalents (GE) in lightweight algorithm? and what are the parameters of the algorithm was called "Lightweight"??
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### Differential Cryptanalysis

How do I find the differential characteristics using techniques Shrinking ? How do I extract the key on Differential Cryptanalysis using the technique Shrinking in Blockcipher Algorithm? Shrinking ...
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### Probability approximation of no collisions

I am comparing the actual probability of no collisions to the probability approximation formula of no collisions from the Understanding Cryptography text. The approximation is as follows: ...
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### How do I prove that a bit by bit PKE scheme (that is IND-CPA secure) for an n-bit message is not IND-CCA-2 secure?

Gen generates Pk and Sk (l bits each), Enc encrypts m (length l) but by bit using each bit of Pk respectively, Dec decrypts ciphertext bit by bit using each bit of Sk respectively. How do I prove this ...
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### Given $g,g^t$ in a cyclic group of order $pq$, is it hard to compute $g^{t^{-1}}$?

Suppose we have a group $G$ cyclic of order $pq$ , where $p,q$ are primes. Let $g$ be a generator of $G$ and $t\in \mathbb{Z}_{pq}$. Having $g$ and $g^t$, it seems to be very hard to find ...
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### How to force an adversary to call a certain oracle?

Consider there is a protocol in real world, which uses a random oracle $\mathcal{H}$. In the ideal world, after the calling of $\mathcal{H}$ by some parties, intuitively I want the simulator gets some ...
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### StoredKey in Salted Challenge Response Mechanism (SCRAM)

In SCRAM (RFC5802, page 8) the client generates ClientKey to server, which is a derivation of the original password. This is communicated to the server in a secure ...
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### User revocation in Identity Based Encryption

I read several papers about user revocation in IBE recently. A common point is that when a user is revoked, some other valid users should also update their private keys. Does this mean that one ...
66 views

### Help understanding basic Franklin-Reiter related message attack

I am trying to understand this attack at the most basic level. I set up the following basic scenario: Let the public encryption exponent, e = 3. Let p, be some arbitrary but known (to the ...
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### Deletion in RSA Accumulator

I am studying RSA Dynamic Accumulator and I have a question: why is simpler to calculate the new accumulator value after a deletion if is known the secret ϕ(n)? Is possible to calculate the deletion ...
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### David Chaum's anonymous credential

I am a newbie in cryptography (I know the basic RSA, AES stuffs) and am interested in anonymous authentication systems. Looks like David Chaum is the godly figure in the field. I see lots of people ...
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### What's the perfect chain length : number of chains ratio for rainbow tables?

I'm building a SHA-1 rainbow table to crack basic passwords (i.e. up to 10 character, 0-9,a-z). But I can't seem to calculate that golden ratio that would give me the most coverage. Also is there ...
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### Multiple levels of encryption

Is it feasible to have data encrypted at different levels of hierarchy I'd like to encrypt an xml database (such as used in www.keepass.info) whereby two or more keys can exist. For example: Key #1 ...
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### Reference AES-NI assembler code for AES-128-GCM? [closed]

I want to implement AES-128-GCM in assembler using Intel AES-NI instructions. I have found reference code in the Intel AES-NI Whitepaper but I don't see code for the GCM mode there (or indeed any use ...
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### Are there any real-world E-voting systems in use with the Paillier cryptosystem?

There are a lot of theories of Paillier cryptosystem with references to e-voting. Are there any real-world E-voting systems in use with the Paillier cryptosystem?
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### Are there any FHE-MPC schemes implemented?

I want to know if there are any publicly available multiparty computation schemes derived from fully homomorphic encryption schemes. An example would be the implementation of this scheme ...
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### TLS RSA Certificate with Elliptic Curve Negotiation

When I look at Google's Public Key in Firefox I get PKCS #1 SHA-256 With RSA Encryption Yet according to SSL Labs Google has EC 256 bits / SHA256withRSA and supports ...
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### PathORAM with read path eviction

I am currently trying to implement the pathORAM algorithm as describe in this paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/280.pdf The paper states that with high probability, the stash size will be bounded ...