# All Questions

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### Format Preserving Encryption for 32 or 64 bit plaintext values

I am looking for a Format Preserving Encryption implementation to apply to either a 32-bit or a 64-bit integer. It looks like AES/FFX mode is just what I need in terms of established security ...
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### Convert message to polynomial NTRU

How to make a message into a polynomial? I saw many answers to this question and yes, i know that here are some questions. But i did not get it. I think that i am making some mistakes. I took a word ...
83 views

### What is the use of Mersenne Primes in cryptography

There is an international search for Mersenne Primes. The project is huge. But what is the use of Mersenne Primes in cryptography? Do they have any other properties other than the $2^n-1$ form?
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### How to guess the encoding of a string? [on hold]

I am trying to decode a string without knowing the encoding. The encoding is probably some industry standard, but I haven't been able to recognize patterns. Where would be a good place to start on ...
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### Computing the redundancy of language for a Vigenère cipher with m=5

Redundancy of L = 1- Entropy of L/ log base 2 {P} The Redundancy of L is given by 1 minus the Entropy of L divided by log base 2 of the Cardinality of the Plaintext space. Could someone advise me how ...
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### Where is defined the fact of having a “learning” and “challenge” phase in cryptography proofs?

I've read Bellare and Rogaway 2004 and Shoup 2004 about game-based cryptography proofs, but I lack precisions about how should be built the "learning" and "challenge" phases, since my games will ...
23 views

### How Secure is a Pronounceable Password? In means of entropy

There are some strong studies which support the use of pronounceable passwords and multiple tools which provide generation of such passwords. According to this question the entropy of a password ...
33 views

### Prepending random data to encrypted file

If random data is prepended to a file encrypted with GNUPG's symmetric encryption, how may an attacker find out if the input file is deliberately corrupted or the passphrase is wrong? If it is not ...
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### Proof that counter mode of operation and CBC mode are CPA secure when pseudorandom permutations?

I know counter mode can be CPA secure, when used with block ciphers modeled as random permutations. If we use pseudo-random permutations, is it still CPA secure? Is there a proof? How about CBC ...
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### Encrypt a file for random access but only after an initial read of the whole file

I'm symmetrically encrypting a file (using a random salt and a user supplied password with PKCS5S2, i.e., nothing special) and I need to be able to access it randomly. Therefore I'm using a stream ...
45 views

### What's algorithm encryption ?Twofish or AES [on hold]

I have one ciphertext but i do not know algorithm it . i know it's AES or Twofish what are your suggestions ?
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### Does google's Crypto.JS AES encryption use PBKDF2 as default?

Does google's Crypto.JS AES encryption use PBKDF2 as default? Some references, but I can't figure out the answer myself: https://code.google.com/p/crypto-js/#The_Cipher_Algorithms ...
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### Crypto Libraries with Pairing Based Functions for Academic and Educational Use? [on hold]

I am aware of some crypto libraries containing functions and tools for pairing based cryptography. However, I want to have a more extensive list of them. My ultimate purpose is to implement some of ...
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### To prove $r_2$ is a uniformly at random value in $Z_n$, where $r_2=r_1 . m$

$m$ is arbitrary value in $Z_n$, where n is RSA modulo. Then we do: $r_2=r_1 . m (modn)$, where $r_1$ is a random value such that $r_1\in Z^*_n$. ** Question(1): is $r_2$ a uniformly at random ...
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### problem with “one time pad” [on hold]

I am a french student and I read the post on the forums (How does one attack a two-time pad (i.e. one time pad with key reuse)?). I need your help if possible. I 'm 11 encrypted messages , all ...
44 views

### Does the transposition cipher have a network application?

So I'm reading a chapter in my networking book and it talks about substitution and transposition ciphers (Transposition Cipher Wikipedia). I know that most network security uses public key or ...
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### How do you perform frequency analysis to break Vigenere cipher programmatically?

I am trying to write a program to which when provided a ciphertext(maxlength - 200) and a key length(maxlength - 40), gives a plaintext as output from a possible set of plaintexts. By possible set of ...
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### Decryption of .png and .jpg files [on hold]

I'm trying to modify graphic assets of the software I'm using (for aesthetic puroposess, I guess it's hard to do something harmful with graphic assets) but developer encrypted them. I'm not sure why ...
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### Why can't garbled circuits be reused?

There are a bunch of papers do research on resizable garbled circuits. But I wonder why garbled circuits cannot be reused? For example, the constructor constructs a garbled circuit of "AND" like ...
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### Implementation of garbled circuits using RSA

I was just reading these notes on garbled (Yao) circuits and I just stuck trying to figure out how an implementation of Table 1 would work using RSA encryption. In RSA the public key is (n,e). So for ...
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### What does “learnable with oracle queries” mean?

I came across the following quotes in reading papers on obfuscation (1, ibid, and 2): The next result follows from the fact that point functions are not exactly learnable (since a uniformly chosen ...
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### MD5 update functions

In the hashlib module in python is a function called m.update() where m is a ...
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### Arranging Vigenere Cipher into columns [migrated]

As I understand if you arrange a Vigenere cipher into columns you can use the Index Of Coincidence to find out the key length. I'm struggling to write an Algorithm that would take a piece of text and ...
57 views

### How can I break this cipher? [closed]

I am currently trying to break: +VZ7ZVcKPavGh4iGArNy and +VZyY1sBOazFh4COBrB2 I have a known plaintext that is: 378734493671000 which encrypts to: +VZyZlAHP6HAgoaPBrBz Is anyone able to explain how ...
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### initiate the elliptic curve

when we consider a curve in a prime field for example Weierstrass form and want to initiate it in Miracl,we should give these inputs for initiate curve: ebrick_init(&binst,x,y,a,b,n,window,nb) ...
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### Existential Unforgeability of signature scheme against Adaptive Chosen Message Attack

While reading a literature on signature schemes, I came across the concept of Existential Unforgeability of signature scheme against Adaptive Chosen Message Attack. Can anyone point me to the paper ...
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### blowfish ecb with openssl doesn't give the expected result

I do the following via the Linux CLI: ...
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### HMAC_DRBG Generate Process: requesting N bytes at once different from requesting N bytes in total?

Am I correct in assuming that HMAC_DRBG would return different results if I, e.g. first request 4 bytes followed by a request of another 4 bytes instead of asking for 8 bytes at once? It seems that ...
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### Prove that the affine cipher over Z26 has perfect secrecy if every key is used with equal probability of 1/312

Prove that the affine cipher over Z26 has perfect secrecy if every key is used with equal probability of 1/312. Just some guidance/help with this problem would be greatly appreciated not sure how to ...
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### Chess Grandmaster Problem and “Valid” Attacks on Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Identity

A long question here, but I really want to motivate why I'm confused. Consider the following attack on the Schnorr Identification Scheme. Alice chooses a random $k$, computes \$\gamma = \alpha^k ...
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### Encrypting twice with different modes?

I was using a SOCKS5 proxy today (tunneled through SSH) and I began to wonder what the effect of encrypting twice (TLS over encrypted SOCKS5 in this case) would have on the security of the transmitted ...
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### I need to know number of encryption/decryption operations?

If i want to break quadruple DES (say EDED), what is complexity? Like for EDE, it is O(2^112).
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### How do you test randomness?

Suppose I receive a list of 1 million coinflips, and I want to know how likely it is that the list was randomly generated. My first thought would be to count the number of heads and tails, which ...
1k views

### How does TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV help?

After reading through https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-tls-downgrade-scsv-0, I could understand that this option is recommened for use when one has legacy SSL Servers which only support SSLv3. ...
135 views

### Compare two approaches for cracking RSA key

I came across these questions while studying for a crypto course, does anyone have any ideas on how to answer these? (a) Random prime numbers of size 1536 bits are chosen to generate an RSA modulus ...
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### Cryptography system that limits the length of the encypted message

I have two devices which communicate via sms. This communication should now be encrypted. The devices can only send messages with the lenght of 160 characters. So i am looking for an encryption ...
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### Is it just as difficult to find a desired output in a hash digest, for MSB vs LSB?

This question comes to mind after seeing "custom" Bitcoin addresses with some special string at the beginning of the address. They are generated in the same way Bitcoins are "mined", continually ...
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### Side channel vulnerabilities in SW RSA implementations? [closed]

I would like to know a list of practical side channel attacks with references. These attacks should work on SW implementations and I do not consider attacks that require physical access such as power ...
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### Comparing Files: Is it better to use multiple hash algorithms or just one?

I'm looking to compare (for byte-for-byte equality) two binary files. I already have the process down: Check for existence etc. Compare file lengths Use a hash or CRC of a sort (right now I use ...
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### Use of ElGamal encryption for signature generation

If RSA (textbook RSA that is) generates a digital signature by using the sender's private key, couldn't any cryptosystem (the only two that come to mind are RSA and ElGamal) capable of asymmetric ...
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### How would I write my own asymmetric encryption algorithm (not RSA, DES etc)? [closed]

I am looking for some advise on how to go about writing my own asymmetric encryption algorithm. It does not by any means need to be as secure as the commercially available algorithms (RSA etc), it is ...
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### What is the history of recommended RSA key sizes?

One can find up to date recommended key sizes for RSA at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-131A/sp800-131A.pdf for example. In short it suggests a key size of at least 2048 bits. Is it ...
Does the following hold in bilinear pairings: $$e(g^{a_1x_1}g^{a_2x_2},g^{c_1}g^{c_2})=e(g^{x_1+x_2},g^{a_1a_2(c_1+c_2)})$$