# All Questions

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### Attacks on elliptic-curve based cryptosystems through solving the Decisional Diffie-Hellman Problem with the Weil Pairing

Are there any examples of practical attacks on cryptosystems set over elliptic curves which utilize the easiness of DDH for certain choices of curves $E(\textbf{F}_q)$, and as such their lack of ...
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### Light weight crypto library implementations [migrated]

Are there any open source crypto libraries that can be used in embedded systems or in other memory constrained places like a boot rom? I am looking for libraries that I can compile only the algorithms ...
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### Basic cryptography [on hold]

{First of all I'd like to apologise about my English} I'm interested in most popular cryptography encodements, but ones, where the substitution cipher is known (for example Caesar's code), not created ...
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### Help me find out what type of encryption this is. [on hold]

Alright this may not be an easy one. May not be something anyone knows. What I do know already (and I have made a password recovery tool from what I have learned) The password is translated into a ...
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### What consequences do the plaintext space size has on the performances in the BGV scheme?

In the BGV paper [1], the authors say in §5.4 that you can have $\mathbb{Z}_p$ as plaintext size with a large $p$. What is the impact of the size of $p$ on the ciphertext size and computational work ...
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### need help for decrypting a cipher.. i am new to this so was wondering if someone could tell me how to go about it [on hold]

how to begin to decrypt any numeric cypher? what are the basic steps to solve easy numeric cyphers?
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### How to generate encryption key for block cipher

I wrote some report how to implement encryption. Now I want to address part about generating key. What are the practices to generate encryption key securely? I want to address this in my article. What ...
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### where could I find info on number based ciphers specifically? [on hold]

I am trying to decode some conversations in a game and would like any help that could be offered.
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### I don't know whattype of cipher this is [on hold]

I am trying to solve the following sipher Nosdhiibotidcylhrdeovedljuetre I have no experience with ciphers but substitution didn't seem to work, and since its a long string without breaks process of ...
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### Is there any such thing as “proof of location”?

I'm looking for a way for someone to prove to me their geographical location without a trusted third-party. Imagine wanting to prove to someone you're actually physically in a specific place. I'd ...
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### ElGamal signatures systems

Let $p$ prime number $q/p-1$ prime and $g\in (Z/pZ)^*$ element of order $q$.Also $a\in \{1,...,q-1\}$ the private key and $y\equiv g^a\pmod p$ the correspoding public key.For each of the following ...
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### Attack on Double Encryption Scheme

In this protocol: A → B : { <[A, {K}pk(B)]> }pk(B) B → A : { <[B, {K}pk(A)]> }pk(A) I'd like to determine why this is insecure. How can the attacker learn the key K if A and B are both ...
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### In which step does AES use the key to encrypt data?

AES has the following steps in encryption: SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns, and AddRoundKey and the following steps in decryption: InvSubBytes, InvShiftRows, InvMixColumns, and Inverse of AddRoundKey. ...
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### Signature and hash function properties

I understand the need for the hash function to be collision resistant and second pre-image resistant. For what reason, exactly, does a hash function need to be pre-image resistant? If this property ...
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### Playfair Cipher + Vigenere Cipher?

I'm researching cryptography for a school project, came across the above two ciphers, and something occurred to me. Would combining these two schemes give a considerably stronger encryption than ...
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### Library to find an addition chain for a large number? [on hold]

I need a short addition chain for a number $n>2^{100}$ in order to implement a fast exponentiation. The memory footprint is not important. Finding an optimal chain for a large number $n$ is ...
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### Permuting Small Sized Set in Practice

Imagine we have a set $S$ of $m$ elements and we wants to permutes the set elements. Thus the original position of each element should be unknown after permuting. If we define a permutation function ...
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### Reduction to cdp,dl or cdh?

Assuming a randomize encoding scheme that takes as input a secret key $\mathsf{sk} \in \mathbb{Z}_p$ for a large prime number $p$. Then the algorithm outputs $g^{\mathsf{sk}x}, x \in \mathbb{Z}_p^*$. ...
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### Ephemeral key is held constant in ElGamal

Is there a known algorithm to recover the sender's messages in ElGamal $\mathbb{F}_p^*$ if the ephemeral key is held constant in two or more transmissions, assuming the messages are always distinct? ...
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### CPA-security of a pseudorandom permutation encryption scheme

Let $F$ be a pseudorandom permutation, and define a fixed-length encryption scheme $(Gen, Enc, Dec)$ as follows: on input $m \in$ $\{0,1\}^{n/2}$ and key $k \in \{0,1\}^n$, algorithm Enc ...
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### point addition in NaCl/libsodium (Curve25519)

In NaCl and libsodium, the crypto_scalarmult function implements the operation $Q = kP$ (scalar/point multiplication). There doesn't seem to be a function for point ...
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### Words having weight near to minimum distance

I am studying the NP-Problem of the codes Syndrome Decoding. The formulation is show below. Input: a binary matrix $H$ of dimension $r \times n$ and a bit string $S$ of length $r$. Property: there ...
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### Simulation Based Proof: What Can / Can not Simulator Do?

I have seen some examples in "Foundation of cryptography" and "Efficient two party computation", in which simulator can do some things that in the real world model the parties cannot do, for instance: ...
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### Is there a signature scheme for the Cramer-Shoup cryptosystem?

I have a project that I have to use cryptosystem and signature scheme for it. I've read about Cramer-Shoup cryptosystem and I want to use it since it is more secure the ElGamal cryptosystem, but, I ...
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### Is the ring of octonions “commonly” used in Cryptography?

I've recently read "Fully Homomorphic Encryption on Octonion Ring" by Yagisawa, which is based on octonion rings over finite fields. Personally I've never encountered octonion rings in cryptography ...
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### Example: pre-image resistance to second pre-image resistance

It is possible to convert a pre-image resistant function $f:\{0,1\}^{n}\rightarrow \{0,1\}^{n}$ to a second-preimage resistant function? I am thinking to use a pseudo-random generator and construct ...
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### Construction of ElGamal signature?

This month I am trying to study cryptography by myself. I started to read theory and problems on the internet. I found this problem on a cryptography site and I need your help for a solution or any ...
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### Why is the whole initial state used in the final addition of Salsa20 and ChaCha?

Both Salsa20 and ChaCha basically work like this: Put the key, the nonce, the sequence number and a constant into a 4x4 matrix of 32-bit words. Transform the matrix invertibly with a number of ARX ...
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### Show How to Efficiently Solve the Computational Diffie-Hellman Assumption given an Algorithm that Solves the Square-DH Problem

Let $q$ prime number, $G$ a cyclic group with order $q$ and let $g \in G$ be a generator of $G$. Suppose that you have an algorithm $A$ who takes input the element $g^a$ of $G$ and gives as output the ...
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### search of patterns in key schedules

I am developing a new key schedule, and there is this article (Enhanced Key Expansion for AES-256 by Using Even-Odd Method) where the authors also propose a new algorithm and one of the objectives is ...
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### Algorithm for factoring a number $n$ of a specific form given $n$ and $\varphi(n)$

Given the natural number $n$, which is in the form $p^2 \cdot q^2$ with $p$,$q$ prime numbers. Also $\varphi(n)$ is given. Describe a fast algorithm (polynomial time) that calculates $p$ and $q$. ...
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### unable to create cms signed message [migrated]

So I'm trying to create a CMS signed message with OpenSSL and am having some difficulty. Here's what the OpenSSL docs say: ...
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### Simulator in Private Outsourced Computation over Outsourced Datasets

Please, consider two honest parties $A$ and $B$ outsourced their private data to a malicious server $S$. So the parties store their data in the server. Then at a later point in time they want to ask ...
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### How to prove that a function is not pseudorandom?

I am currently enrolled in a cryptography course, which uses the book by Katz and Lindell. I'm struggling with the exercies which ask for proofs, like the following one: Let G(k) be a PRG with ...
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### Blinding to mask private key operations

Blinding is often used to mask private key operations when the underlying problem is integer factorization. For example, its used in both RSA and Rabin-Williams signature schemes. This presumes ...
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### Encryption of byte-array with specific range?

I have a small question regarding encryption. When transferring data through the internet, before transmitting data we should put it in an array of bytes and it will be in the range [0-256]. What is ...
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### El-Gamal signature with two messages

Alice uses an ElGamal signature with base the group $Z^*_{107}$ and parameter $g=3$ of order $q=53$.The private key of Alice is some $x \in \{0,1,.....,52\}$ and the public key of her is $y=10$. To ...
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### Can a 1 byte difference in AES 128 bit keys make huge difference in output?

If we take some randomly generated key of AES-128 and we change any random 1 byte of that 16 byte key, will this make huge difference in the AES cipher text generated over same input string? Does ...
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### Terminology: differences between the terms “pre-master secret”, “master secret”, “private key”, and “shared secret”?

Both crypto.SE and security.SE have excellent Q&As about how TLS generates session keys (I have linked some at the bottom). In reading these threads I'm having troubles with terminology since the ...
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### Transforming Gaussian random bytes to uniform

I am not exactly sure if this is for math stackexchange or crypto: If a TRNG outputs a bit-string in the following format: $X_1,X_2,...X_N$ where each $X_i$ is a Gaussian Truly random BYTE and the ...
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### Why is Chrome saying that “TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA (0x2f)” is an obsolete cipher suite? [migrated]

When I go to this site, Chrome Version 44.0.2403.89 is connecting to the server with TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA (0x2f), and it states that this is an "obsolete cipher suite". For what reason is it ...
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### Proving existence of an encryption scheme that has indistinghuishable multiple encryptions in the presence of an eavesdropper, but is not CPA-secure [duplicate]

I got stuck in trying to find a solution to the 3.7 exercise of the Katz-Lindell book. The exercise also assumes the existence of a pseudorandom function. The problem is that a multiple messages ...
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### How can I generate a good password from a SHA512 hash?

I have to change local administrator passwords on machines. I don't want to store password in a database. I have to generate a password that I can find later to connect to the machine again. So I ...
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