# All Questions

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### What are the necessary things to consider when defining a game?

We generally use thought experiments or games to think about the security of any crypto scheme like encryption (indistinguishability games), or MACs (forging games). I am trying to come up with such a ...
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### Could anyone tell me some applications of attribute-based encryption?

I want to write a review of attribute-based encryption. Please give me some applications of ABE. Thank you!
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### Is it possible to split a large AES encrypted string and decrypt the parts one by one?

Due to some platform restrictions our decryption algorithm can only handle up to 1 million bytes. The string we receive is larger, having been generated by AES in cipher block chaining (CBC) mode, ...
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### Is there a Pairing-free ID-based AKE protocol that is secure under the eCK model?

As far as I know, most of ID-based authenticated key exchange (AKE) protocols are CK-secure, and there are few of them which are eCK-secure. All of the eCK-secure ID-based AKE protocols use the ...
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### Slow keyed trapdoor permutation?

I'm looking for a slow keyed trapdoor permutation; or in other words a block cipher $E_K: P\in\{0,1\}^b\mapsto C\in\{0,1\}^b$ with moderate block size $b\approx 64$ bits, wide key $K$, ...
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### Increasing the diffusion of the AES-CBC encryption algorithm in pycrypto for python

When encryption is done using the AES-CBC algorithm, the encryption can be thought of as chaining the cipher texts with the previous ones and an IV. However, if its on CBC mode, we give our cipher ...
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### What is “serial concatenation”?

I have a third-party point-of-sale API (Speedflow Pay-N-Get) that I am trying to communicate with over HTTP, but I have a problem with it. In a nutshell, a request is encrypted using RSA, and the ...
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### How do we arrive to the equation for solving D in RSA?

We have been shown that DE is congruent to 1 mod phi(n). How do we arrive to the real equation for figuring out d that is d = e^-1 mod phi(n). I want to know the entire process. I am just curious, ...
27 views

### A replay attack question

Which of the following protocols is susceptible to replay attack :- 1) A -----> B username, password 2) A -----> B username, h(timestamp,password) 3) A -----> B username timestamp, ...
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### Is there any analysis of freebsd's “geli” encrypted geometry provider?

I've done a few obvious searches on google and google scholar and not turned up any security analysis of FreeBSD's geli. Is there some out there, or has it gone unanalyzed since its introduction ...
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### Why are these techniques not feasible to crack RSA?

For $d = e^{-1} \mod \phi(n)$ $$d\cdot e \operatorname{mod} \phi(n)=1$$ $$d = 1/(e \operatorname{mod} \phi(n))$$ With having $e$ and $n$, we can calculate the value of $d$ , the private key for ...
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### How do I calculate the private key in RSA?

Given $n=pq$ for $p,q$ known, I can calculate $\phi(n)$. $e$ is selected such that $\gcd (e,\phi(n)) = 1$. Using this, how do I calculate the RSA private key? Example: I have $n = 35$, with ...
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### Need 32-bit mixing function that has perfect avalanche between octets

for my hobby tinkering project, I need a mixing function that takes 32-bit input and has 32-bit output (and will, most likely, run in a 32-bit C environment) and the following property (independent of ...
21 views

### Correlated or biased coin protocols?

There are a number of papers in the literature describing secure/fair coin flipping protocols. Unfortunately in my case, I am looking for coins that are epsilon-biased or epsilon-correlated. I am ...
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### counting points not on elliptic curve

Given an curve with equation $y^2=x^3+ax+b$, I want to find the number of pairs $(a,b)\in \mathbb{F}_p \times \mathbb{F_p}$ NOT on the curve. How do I do it? I have an intuition that it is $p$, but ...
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### Does it make sense to stretch non-keys?

I was thinking about stretching salt. Key-stretching is good against brute force guessing and assumes your system isn't compromised. Salting a one-way makes it so you have to compute * n for each ...
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### If H(m) = 0 for some m, how can a DSA signature be forged?

If we know for some message $m$ that $H(m) = 0$, how can we forge a DSA signature with only the public key? I got that $g^s*r = (g^x)^r$ where $x$ is the private key, but that's one equation with 2 ...
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### Is an elliptic curve over $\mathbb{F}_p$ order preserving for the points $(x,y) \in \mathbb{Z}_p$?

Let $E\colon y^2=x^3+ax+b$ be an elliptic curve, and consider its realisation over the finite field of prime order $p$: $E(\mathbb{F}_{p})$. Then if $0<a,b$ is the following true? \forall ...
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### Enhance CSPRNG output [duplicate]

If I XOR the output from 2 CSPRNG will the result be better (more random) than the output from either one? Assume one of the PRNG is biased.
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### counting points on elliptic curve

Given an elliptic curve with equation $y^2=x^3+ax+b$, and i want to find the number of points $(a,b)\in E(\mathbb{F}_p)$ where the polynomial has repeated roots, how do i do it? I have an intuition it ...
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### Regex searchable word list for space-less monoalphabetic substitution

I am working on teaching myself basic cryptography, in the process I created a simple substitution cipher based on a single alphabet, and a statically defined offset (no key for now). Now that ...
118 views

### Can insecure hash algorithms be combined to form a secure hash algorithm, by concatenating their digests?

This is hypothetical as I can't think of any reason to do this, but out of curiosity.. Could I, for example, take the MD5 digest of a message and concatenate it with the SHA-1 digest (not quite ...
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### Is a simple stream cipher “partially homomorphic” if no integrity check is applied?

My understanding is that, simply put, a stream cipher is just a CSPRNG such that $R(i,k)$ will produce a deterministic but statistically random sequence, where $i$ is an IV, and $k$ is the session ...
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### unknown Transposition ciphertext [on hold]

What cryptanalysis can be made to find the transposition code for a cipher like this one: it's not railfence, slidefair, classical rectangular by rows or columns, or double rectangular, or Ubchi. For ...
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### The real-life meaning of proving over a group that doesn't support the oracle?

If I proved a scheme's security under GDH assumption, in real-life, if this DDH oracle does exist, then it's good, but what about other side ? In real-life, if this DDH oracle doesn't exist, then ...
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### Why doesn't this authentication protocol work? [duplicate]

I am a student taking a cryptography course so forgive me if this comes off as a silly question. This is an assignment question: Alice ------R--------> Bob Alice <-----[R]B------ Bob Alice ...
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### Why doesn't this dummy mutual authentication protocol provide mutual authentication?

I am a student taking a cryptography course so forgive me if this comes off as a silly question. This is an assignment question: ...
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### Why can an RSA signature be authenticated ONLY with the signer's public key?

I'm an undergraduate Math student currently taking a cryptology course. I have a question about the RSA signature authentication mechanism. An RSA signature can be authenticated with the public key ...
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### Keyed digest function with odds of collision below the birthday bound?

I wonder if it is possible to devise a function $F(K,S,R_S)\mapsto D$ where: $K$ is some key (I have freedom on $K$, it could even be generated by a trusted party); $S$ is in $\{0,1\}^s$, say ...
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### RSA performance

I was wondering what is the performance bottleneck in RSA algorithm? Is it the size of message, calculating the modular inverse, exponentiation? Say I have a fixed value of n to encrypt and decrypt ...
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### Is the composition of collision resistant hash with non collision resistant hash a collision resistant hash?

Suppose $h_1$ is collision resistant, and $h_2$ isn't. Will $h(x)=h_2(h_1(x))$ always be collision resistant? [Edited:] the output of h2 must be uniformly distributed
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### Graphically representing points on Elliptic Curve over finite field

I have taken elliptic curve $E\colon y^2=x^3-4x+20$, defined over $\mathbb{F}_{29}$. The number of points on the curve, $\left|E(\mathbb{F}_{29})\right|=37$. I took base point $P=(1,5)$, and got ...
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### Using the same RSA keypair to sign and encrypt

The RSA signature operation is basically the same as encrypting with the private key. In particular, both operations use the same kind of keys. Is it safe to use the same RSA keypair both for ...
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### What is the chance of a collision when using SHA-3?

I currently am writing a web app and am using two random hashes that are before and after the string and are both 50 char long (alphabet, numbers, and special chars). ...
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### $\phi$ function in Dual_EC_DRBG

I am trying to understand the operation of the Dual_EC_DRBG. I'm reading the formal specification (SP 800-90) and can't seem to find a definition of the $\phi$ function used throughout the definition ...
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### How does Google's “authenticator number generator” work?

I have two-factor authentication enabled on my Google account, and I have this app on my phone which generates a number I have to type when I'm logging in to Google-Mail. But I don't understand how ...
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### How hard is to invert the function that computes the middle-bits of (x^2)?

I'm designing a function f that should be moderately hard to invert and very fast to evaluate in a modern CPU. The function will be used in a proof-of-work function. I've read that the middle-bits of ...
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### Implementation of cryptography [on hold]

I want to know how we implement the research topic/thesis in cryptography area? I mean is it through C/C++ programmming or any other way?
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### IV's from Crypto++ AutoSeededRNG always ends the same: Problem with the PRNG?

I am using a AutoSeededRNG from Crypto++ to generate IVs for use in CBC encryption. I am encoding the IVs using Base64 for future use (decryption). I notice that ...
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### What does this step in this protocol for the Yao's Millionaire Problem mean?

I was reading “An Efficient Protocol for Yao’s Millionaires’ Problem” (Ioannidis and Grama 2003). In the proposed protocol in section three, it is written: (Step 4) For every $i$, $1 \le i \le d$, ...
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### What is the function of the secret key “r” in Poly1305?

Poly1305-AES uses two per-connection keys $k$ (for AES) and $r$ (for Poly1305's compression function) and a per-message nonce n to execute. I've read the original paper on the implementation, and I ...
119 views

### Did NIST verify “post-quantum” claims in the SHA3 proposal papers?

I have been reading Bernstein’s “Quantum attacks against Blue Midnight Wish, ECHO, Fugue, Grøstl, Hamsi, JH, Keccak, Shabal, SHAvite-3, SIMD, and Skein” paper from 2010… This document disproves ...
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### Blum-Blum-Shub Cryptosystem

I am given $N$, which is Bob's encryption key. I was able to successfully factor $N$ into $N=p*q$. Alice encrypts a messages for bob and sends $a = [1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,...]$ $b = 1545164156...$ ...
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### Why use two affine transformations in Multivariate Cryptography?

I'm reading Multivariate Cryptography and would like to know why we use two affine transformations to scramble the central map? Why not use only one?
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### Differences between working of Tor and onion routing [migrated]

I am learning about Tor and Onion routing and I'm trying to compare both services. From the wiki link, I can see that Diffie Hellman (DH) handshake is used and when look into the “tor-design.pdf” for ...
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### Can AES decrypt with a wrong key?

The title is asking the question in layman terms, but what I really mean to ask is this: Let $x \in \lbrace 0,1 \rbrace^{128}$ (an arbitrary input block) and let $K \in \lbrace 0, 1 \rbrace^{128}$ ...
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### On the structure of the UOV (Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar) signature scheme [on hold]

I'm study Multivariate Quadratic Cryptography. I like to know why, in opposite to other multivariate schemes, the second afﬁne map S is not needed for the security of the UOV signature scheme? ...
83 views

### Purpose of leading zero in PKCS1-v1_5 padding

According to this document the padded message has the following structure: $EM \;= \; 0x00 \; || \; 0x02 \; || \; PS \; || \; 0x00 \; || \; M$ What is the purpose of this null byte at the beginning ...