# All Questions

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### ssh-keygen DH Primality Testing

I'm pretty familiar with using ssh-keygen to create groups that go in the /etc/ssh/moduli file for the Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange in openssh. Reading over the man page, it says "By default, each ...
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### implementing CBC encryption using decryption

I've implemented this algorithm which, working from the end of the message backwards, creates a valid CBC ciphertext from any plaintext, using the block cipher's decryption operation instead of the ...
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### Is modular Barrett reduction usable for Ed25519?

I currently try to implement Ed25519 following this draft. I have implemented every field operation except the reduction by the group order $q$ (in chapter 5). I looked for a reduction algorithm and ...
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### More efficient and just as secure to sign message hash using Ed25519?

According to the Ed25519 paper, the (potentially long) input message is hashed twice (see http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/ed25519-20110926.pdf Section 4 page 12 steps 1 and 3). The webpage ...
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### Signature Verification: High level

I'm trying to understand how certificate signing and verification works conceptually. I know the classic example with asymmetric cryptography- the sender encrypts data with public key of receiver, ...
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### can cramer-shoup public key have two difefrent private key?

since I am new to Cramer Shoup algorithm I want to know is it possible to have 2 different private key for a public key due the key pair generation algorithm that Cramer Shoup use? I know that in ...
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### Is constructing IND-CCA2 public key encryption schemes particularly easy with the KEM/DEM approach?

After the introduction of McBits, I was interested what security notions are neccessary for IND-CCA2 security of integrated encryption schemes (IES, following the key encapsulation mechanism / data ...
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### How to correctly convert TAG value to the right format so that to Verify HMAC? [migrated]

I'm working on HMAC generation and verifying to check data integrity. I can correctly generate the MAC value but when sending it through socket to another program for verification, I faced with ...
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### How is the MAC or HMAC secret shared with the other party for verification?

I've seen people everywhere say to use a MAC or HMAC with block ciphers. I think I understand the basics, but I'm still not sure how the HMAC secret is distributed so the other party can verify that ...
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### Transforming Gaussian random $[0,1]$ numbers to uniform $[0,255]$

I am not exactly sure if this is for math stackexchange or crypto: A TRNG outputs numbers in $[0,1]$ in a Gaussian distribution. I would like to convert them into uniform random bytes ($[0,255]$) to ...
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One runtime platform provides an API that supplies PKCS#5 padding for block cipher modes such as ECB and CBC. These modes have been defined for the triple DES, AES and Blowfish block ciphers. The ...
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### Pseudo Random Function

The definition of pseudo randomness that leads to pseudo random function talks about indistingishability of a key-ed function and a random function. i.e. The key-ed function family $\{F_k\}$ is PRF ...
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### NEW ENCODING MACHINE [on hold]

XY Encoder Ding and Dong invented a new encoding machine. Their encoder will map a binary string consisting of characters 'X' and 'Y' into an integer called the encoded value of the string. The ...
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### Is the GOST block cipher broken?

Is the GOST cipher broken or known to be weak and insecure? Please try to simplify your answer since I am a programmer and not a cryptographer and please consider this web page and tell me if the ...
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### Why not put MAC in fixed position and cover padding for MAC-then-encrypt?

The biggest problem with using MtE with a mode where it's known to be secure (CBC) is with the padding, where you can't retrieve the authentication until you know where it is by looking at the padding ...
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### What is the difference between MAC and HMAC?

In reference to this question, what are the "stronger security properties" that HMAC provides over MAC. I got that MAC requires an IV whereas HMAC doesn't. I also understood that MAC may reveal ...
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### Encryption algorithms larger than 256 Bit for “big data” encryption?

I'm somewhat new to encryption. When looking at encryption programs for big data, I frequently see a maximum of 256 bits. Why do we generally restrict our (symmetric) keys to 256 bits? Can more ...
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### Why should I make my cipher public?

As I understand it, the less people know about the internals of my protocol or cipher, the more secure the protocol is. However Kerckhoffs's principle states that A cryptosystem should be secure ...
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### Are there any paper/human strong crypto systems? [duplicate]

Are there any paper/human executed crypto systems that have reasonable strength? I am aware of a few candidates so far Solitare from Cryptonomicon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitaire_(cipher) ...
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### What are the practical implications of ciphertext distinguishability?

Commonly there are four ways to "break" a secrecy-focused cryptosystem: Recover the secret key Recover the message Distinguish an encryption from random noise Distinguish the encryption of two ...
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### One time pad ciphers in emails

In order to achieve very high security for privacy, would it be cryptographically secure to use one time pad ciphers in emails? The distribution of the keyword would pose no problems since I would ...
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What is the advantage of AEAD ciphers? Why is the TLS working group pushing for them? I thought modern cipher suites require SHA256 for authentication. What advantage is there to including Poly1305?
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### Point addition in NaCl/libsodium (Curve25519)

In NaCl and libsodium, the crypto_scalarmult function implements the operation $Q = kP$ (scalar/point multiplication). There doesn't seem to be a function for point ...
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### What if the p and q used in keys generation of Pailler cryptosystem are composite?

I've seen a few implementations of Paillier cryptosystem that uses probable primes to choose $p$ and $q$. Assuming that a keypair is generated with $p$ and $q$ that are coprime and that $pq$ is ...
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### What is the definition of “the correlation” and “the difference propagation probability”? [on hold]

Non linearity has two properties: 1. the correlation 2. the difference propagation probability what is the definition of each concept?
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### parallel shifters [closed]

suppose there is two registers each of size 8 bit and the inputs to these register are in parallel so can we combine this 2 register so that new combined register will have input 16 bits and all are ...
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### how can eve guess a pseudo-random key has been used for encryption [on hold]

I am stuck in my project and earnestly need suggestions for the above question
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### AES-CTR with ephemeral keys vs IV

Let's say that we have a key exchange of some sort, which leaves A and B sharing the long-term secret $S$. Then, A and B want to use AES-CTR for the communication, which leaves us with several ...
Are there any examples of practical attacks on cryptosystems set over elliptic curves which utilize the easiness of DDH for certain choices of curves $E(\textbf{F}_q)$, and as such their lack of ...