# Tag Info

## New answers tagged cryptanalysis

0

XORing with a key indeed does not change the difference. But usually before the XORing there is nonlinear layer (Sboxes?) which changes the difference. For example $(N rounds...)(Sbox)(AddKey)$. You can use a differential up to the beginning of this layer. Then, for different subkeys you will get same sbox output differences, but the sbox input differences ...

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The method you describe is called the "pencil and paper algorithm" and is well described in Knuth's Book, Semi-Numerical Algorithm II. In fact the number of steps can be easily determined by the size of operands. If Dividend D, is m-bit and Divisor d, is n-bit, then the Quotient q, will be (m-n+1)-bit, and the remainder in case of binary division will be at ...

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What you are describing is One-Time-Pad encryption, and yes it does have perfect secrecy. Note that for any ciphertext $y$ there is exactly one key $k'$ for each possible plaintext $x'$ so that $E_k(x') = y$. So if you choose the key uniformly at random the ciphertext gives no information on the plaintext, because any plaintext is equally likely.

1

So we have $k+1$ matrices $M_0, M_1, \ldots, M_k \in \mathbb{K}^{n\times{}n}$. We are trying to find weights $\mu_1, \dots, \mu_k$ such that the rank of the weighted sum of matrices is smaller than or equal to some target rank: $\mathsf{rank}(-M_0 + \sum_{i=1}^k\mu_iM_i) \leq r$. The Courtois and Goubin strategy is to select $m$ random vectors ...

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A well-formed XML document is subject to all sorts of constraints. You can incorporate these constraints into a function that checks a base64 substitution key by looking for invalid syntax, such as improperly nested tags, or a tag name containing control characters, white space, or any of the characters !"#$%&'()*+,/;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~, or that starts ... 1 The set of bijections from the set of words over an alphabet to itself is countable, therefore it is possible to guess the correct cipher in finite time. But you can never be sure you found the right one, since you can "decrypt" literally any plaintext from a given ciphertext without further constraints. 2 The rotational cryptanalysis considers applying the transformation$E$to both$X$and$\overrightarrow{X}$, where $$\overrightarrow{(x_1, x_2,x_3,\ldots, x_n)} = (x_{r+1},x_{r+2},\ldots, x_n, x_1,\ldots, x_r)$$ for some integer$r$. You know that$\overrightarrow{X} \oplus \overrightarrow{Y} = \overrightarrow{X\oplus Y}$always, and$$\overrightarrow{X} ... 1 Putting some of my comments into writing. This is less than an answer but too much for a comment. In the comments I had claimed to apply SMT to solve case 1 - this is false, I was mistaken. I have had cases 2 and 3 running SMT (boolector, Z3, CVC4, yices) for some time without success. The closest thing to success is the identification of seeds that ... 2 This answer addresses Cases 1 and 2 from the question to provide a baseline, leaving Case 3 (which is the one I'm most interested in), unresolved. Case 1, Zero Increment In this case we'll consider a simple Lehmer-style LCG (a.k.a. an MCG), with a seed$s_1$, multiplier$a$and$b$bits of state and$r$bits returned. The modulus$M = 2^b$, and the ... 1 This is a work-in-progress, mostly trying to address Case 3 in the question, since the problem of Case 2 is dealt with in another answer, and has been thoroughly researched: Jacques Stern: Secret linear congruential generators are not cryptographically secure, in proceedings of the 28th Annual Symposium on the Foundations of Computer Science, 1987 (try a ... 7 Most encryption algorithm use a specific number of the same (or similar) group of operations. As example, AES consists of 4 different operations: SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns and AddRoundKey. AES-128 (AES with a key of 128 bits) uses all this operations 10 times in 10 rounds. Well, not exactly. The last round doesn't have the MixColumns step. It would add ... 0 You can find a very illustrative explanation of how not to teach yourself crypto here: http://outsourcedbits.org/2014/11/11/how-not-to-learn-cryptography/ Briefly the exciting field of crypto includes an intersection of computer science, math and engineering. The latter is not required always if you are interested in a scientific path 0 First, a fact. For some polynomial$f_x$and some random polynomial of the same degree, say$t$, an adversary given only$f_x+t$, knows no additional information about$f_x$. Basically (due to the finite ring), this operation is the same thing as the one-time-pad. On to the problem at hand. Let$f_3=f_2\cdot(s+1)$. Since$f_2$and$s\$ have the same ...

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