# Tag Info

2

Before answering your questions: GCM is an authentication encryption mode of operation, it is composed by two separate functions: one for encryption (AES-CTR) and one for authentication (GMAC). It receives as input: a Key a unique IV Data to be processed only with authentication (associated data) Data to be processed by encryption and authentication It ...

2

This is a bit contrived, because you have given the correct answer to your test: WHATANICEDAYTODAY was the plain text and the key is crypto. However, it shows one way to attack a short Vigenère cipher, where you have a message only a few times longer than the key. I made the following assumptions: Plain text was a short English text The key was a ...

2

For breaking a Vigenere cipher by frequency analysis the length of the cipher text alone is not the crucial part. What really matters is the proportion cipher_text_len/key_len, as this indicates how many characters of the clear text are encoded by the same character of the key. For the example you provided this proportion is below 3. Frequency analysis ...

1

What you are looking to do can be done, but if you expect it to just work, you are mistaken. Performing the calculation of the inverse here is the easy part, the hard part is the choice of affine transform polynomial and vector, as incorrect choice will lead to an insecure s-box. Multiplicative Inverse The most simple method of calculating the inverse is ...

2

If the message is shorter than the key, then the Vigenere cipher is essentially the one-time pad, which is unbreakable for a random key. If the key is not random, then you may get some information on the plaintext.

1

Put another way, you can say that the key is whatever information the recipient possesses which allows him to decrypt the message, and which must be kept secret from everybody else. Thus, "algorithm" and "key" are not mutually exclusive: if knowledge of the algorithm allows one to decrypt a message, then the algorithm is the key.

2

Picking up what has been said in the comments: to simplify: symmetric ciphers are like mathematical operations with 2 operands and 1 result. There is The plaintext message $m$ and $k$ as the key and they result in the ciphertext $c$. In your example, the algorithm can be cut down to a addition and modulo: $c = (m + k) \mod k_{max}$ And of course there is ...

1

In practice, one can use openssl to extract the information: $cat pubkey.txt -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCqGKukO1De7zhZj6+H0qtjTkVxwTCpvKe4eCZ0 FPqri0cb2JZfXJ/DgYSF6vUpwmJG8wVQZKjeGcjDOL5UlsuusFncCzWBQ7RKNUSesmQRMSGkVb1/ 3j+skZ6UtW+5u09lHNsj6tQ51s1SPrCBkedbNf0Tp0GbMJDyR4e9T04ZZwIDAQAB -----END PUBLIC KEY-----$ openssl ...

1

RSA key formats are defined in at least RFC 3447 and RFC 5280. The format is based on ASN.1 and includes more than just the raw modulus and exponent. If you decode the base 64 encoded ASN.1, you will find some wrapping (like an object identifier) as well as an internal ASN.1 bitstring, which decodes as: ( ...

1

I don't think it's useful spending time on trying to understand that paper, but if you look at the screenshots and compare to their "character counts", you see that they are counting base64 characters and including the padding characters in the count. That means "88 characters" could be one IV + three blocks of AES output (512 bits in base 64 = 85.33 + 2.67 ...

3

Your description of how RFC 5959 works isn't quite right. It is not quite correct to state that RFC 5959 encrypts using AES in ECB mode. A correct statement is: if the plaintext is exactly 128 bits, then use ECB mode, otherwise use a non-trivial mode of operation found in RFC 3394. In the former case, ECB mode is fine, since it's just a single block of ...

2

I've found an answer to my question, I'm going to post it because it can be useful to someone out there. The point is that, if we assume that $\mbox{Prob}[\mbox{Priv}_{\mathcal{A},\Pi}^{\mbox{eav}}(n)=1]\leq 1/2+negl(n)$, then $\mbox{Prob}[\mbox{Priv}_{\mathcal{A},\Pi}^{\mbox{eav}}(n)=0]\leq 1/2+negl(n)$ too (if this were not to happen, then we could create ...

2

If flawed can someone please crack the message within the quotes as proof. "Hlont, iutgrcuxnewmova xn topdoqj akmy nthscuwros." Hello, congratulations on solving this encryption. Took < 1 second in Ruby. Basically it is far too easy to brute-force due to your very small key space, as explained in otus' answer. All I did was translate your decrypt ...

4

Assuming the digits of $\pi$ are pseudorandom (which hasn't been proven), you could construct a cipher from it. However: Your numbers are way too small to be secure. You seem to be adding a decimal digit to the letter, which means the ciphertext leaks more than half the bits: you know 'j' was one of 'a'...'j' originally. You only handle lower case letters ...

1

You need to know Key, IV, Padding and Operation Mode. Then you have to try all possible algorithms. Without that (most likely very secret) information (Key, IV, Padding and Operation Mode) this is even more complex and hard to achieve than a know-plaintext attack. To sum it up: its impossible. EDIT: As said, you can close the possibilities in. But you will ...

1

Here is the deal. You can do this pretty easily in SQL. Exactly how is off-topic on this site. I'd suggest one of the other SE sites. Maybe StackOverflow or DBA. That said, I am writing this as an answer for a reason. My reason is to persuade you to not do it. Here is why, it gives your customers a false sense of security. Your approach to doing the join ...

6

To make it easier for humans to read.

9

I try to provide a brief intro. ABE Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a relatively recent approach that reconsiders the concept of public-key cryptography. In traditional public-key cryptography, a message is encrypted for a specific receiver using the receiver’s public-key. Identity-based cryptography and in particular identity-based encryption (IBE) ...

3

I don't think this scheme would make sense, either from a performance or a crypto-design perspective. From a crypto-design perspective, simply encrypting with a block cipher would be better. Encrypting with a block cipher, or other suitable symmetric-key encryption scheme, takes running time that is linear in the length of the data to be encrypted (not ...

5

The purpose of the reconstruction of the polynomial $P(x)$, is just to calculate the value of $P(0)$, which equals the shared secret value. If Lagrange polynomials are used, a trivial optimization which cuts the number of multiplication nearly in half is $$P(0) = (\prod_{i=0}^{n-1}{-x_i})\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}{{\frac{y_i}{-x_i (\prod_{j=0,j\neq ... 0 If you trust all the participants to behave (semi-)honestly, here is another scheme that can be used and is a bit simpler. The basic idea is: The n participants jointly generate a random number y from the desired range (e.g., [0..x]). They publish y amongst themselves. Now they each have a chance to veto that choice of y. Each participant ... 1 Yes, this should be solvable and should be doable in a reasonable amount of computation time, using a pretty cool homomorphic cryptosystem. Here is one approach: the participants jointly pick a random number y, publicly commit to y, and then they all prove/check in zero knowledge that y is different from their numbers. If it isn't, they go back to ... 5 I think this would work, although whether it's practical is another matter. For large x it won't be. It's basically an application of mental-poker. First, choose a secure commutative encryption algorithm that is not vulnerable to known plaintext or chosen ciphertext attacks. Everyone generates a random encryption key. Everyone but Alice uses their key ... 2 What you're looking for is that zero knowledge proof, that some public number is not equal to a couple of secret numbers. It is possible to prove that two numbers are not equal, but it is not that easy to do so, and it is mostly theoretic work. Let's consider two integers a and b for simplicity and prove their inequality: Consider the numbers in their ... 1 This is how it works.. For every user, there is 1 Private key and 1 Public key. The Private key is used to decrypt messages from other users. The Public key is used by everyone else to encrypt messages for that user. These keys are mathematically linked. If you have 5 users, there are 5 Private keys and 5 Public keys. Each user would have a copy of ... 2 Asymmetric keys come in pairs. The public key of a pair can be used to encrypt data so that only the holder of the private key can decrypt it. If you had one private key, you'd also have exactly one public key that corresponds to it, so your answer of one public key and n-1 private keys per person cannot be entirely correct. The question is somewhat ... 1 This is very difficult, if you don't trust anyone, as Ricky Demer explains. You can have each party publish a commitment to their move. However, the main problem is that a malicious party might decide not to open their commitment. For instance, suppose Alice publishes a(non-malleable) commitment to her move, and Bob publishes a commitment to his move. ... 3 See malleability and commitment schemes. You are apparently looking for a collusion-preserving implementation of simultaneous broadcast. By letting each processor control at least one player and directing each processor to choose a random bit for each of its players and outputting the xor of all players' random bits, the resulting coin-flipping protocol is ... 3 Yes. \: "simply XORing" is obviously malleable, which may allow related-key attacks. "When storing a short key, e.g. a 256-bit ECC private key," the "good reason to use AES" is that "the XOR with a single PBKDF2 (or other KDF) output block" is not necessarily sufficient, since an adversary might also have changed the stored public key. 4 I'll add something to the previous answer. The first way to construct multilinear maps is pretty recent and was introduced by Sanjam Garg, Craig Gentry and Shai Halevi. What we want is given groups G_1,\ldots,G_n and G_T a map:$$e:G_1\times\cdots\times G_n\to G_T that satisfies the linearity property in DrLecter's answer. It's worth nothing here, ...

1

I haven't heard of much work on this, but really choose any two that are based on assumptions that are independent of each other. Two candidates come to mind: ECC and lattice-based methods. These are based on assumptions that have nothing known in common (dlog vs. LWE). Additionally, one of the reasons many people are interested in lattice-based methods is ...

3

Here is a quick idea that came to mind: $n$ be the number of participants. Let $p := 0.5 / n$. Have every participant choose a number not equal to his own, and announce it publicly. After all the numbers were announced, each participant answers with no, if one of the announced numbers match their private one or if a random Bernoulli experiment with sucess ...

0

As I already wrote at http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/832652/rsa-decrypting-of-a-huge-file-by-parts, it is you, who knows the encryption details! But normally it is a misuse of RSA to encrypt large files. RSA works up to the key size (typically max 2048 or 4096 bit), therefore you must have encrypted the huge file using these small chunks, and ...

1

As far as I know, in a typical RSA encoding process first you transform the whole char string that is the file into a number, to be encrypted, so my assumption is that is not possible in a typical RSA encoding-decoding process. That's not typical. A typical real world RSA encryption process uses hybrid encryption, encrypting the data with a single-use ...

0

If I understand your requirements, you want: One master key that opens the encryption. Three subkeys, at least two of which are required to open the encryption. If I understood correctly, you can accomplish this by Deriving the encryption key from the master, e.g. $KDF(M, salt)$, or using the master key as is, if it only needs to open one encryption ...

1

While your post is hard to decipher, I understand you need to split your master key $(MK)$ into three shares $DK_i$, of which any two would suffice to recover $MK$. This is called secret splitting (or sharing), or a (2,3) threshold scheme. One of the many possible ways to do this is with Shamir's Secret Sharing Scheme (SSSS). It is proven secure when ...

Top 50 recent answers are included