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3

Any group where you can derive $x$ from $g, g^x, g^{1/x}$ would also have the Discrete Log problem be equivalent to the (computational) Diffie-Hellman problem. Since this is not known to be true in general, we don't know of any general method for deriving $x$ from those values. This equivalence is quite simple to demonstrate; if it based on the fact that ...

11

This is true of any group of prime order, over elliptic curves or not. This is due to Lagrange's Theorem which states that the order of a subgroup $H$ of group $G$ divides the order of $G$. Since orders are elements of the ring of integers and since this is a principal ideal domain, unique factorization exists and primes make sense. Or put another way, ...

0

Here's a cyclic group of any order $q \ge 1$: Identity: $0$. Generator: $1$. Group operation: $a \cdot b$ is (a + b) % q.

2

Let $\mathbb{Z}, +$ be the group integers, $\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}, \times$ the multiplicative group of integers modulo $n$, and $\varphi(n)$ its order. Then $\varphi(n)\mathbb{Z}, +$, the additive group of multiples of $\varphi(n)$ is a subgroup of $\mathbb{Z}$. The function $f : \mathbb{Z} \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z} : x \mapsto a^x \mod n$ for ...

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