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5

Well, the problem is with logical OR and subtraction (which Pallier can also do), you've got FHE; that is, you can compute any combinatorial function of encrypted (binary) inputs. Here's how it works, you can construct the NAND function: $NAND(x, y) = (Enc(1) - x)\ OR\ (Enc(1) - y)$ If we limit $x$ and $y$ to being either encrypted 0, or encrypted 1, ...

3

The requirement is that your element $g$ is in $\mathbb{Z}_{n^2}^*$ and not in $(\mathbb{Z}_{n}^*)^2$. The set $\mathbb{Z}_{n^2}^*$ is the set of integers smaller than $n^2$ that are relatively prime to $n^2$, i.e., you require an element $g$ from $\mathbb{Z}_{n^2}$ such that $\gcd(g,n^2)=1$. $(\mathbb{Z}_{n}^*)^2$ on the other hand is the set of pairs ...

2

I may have found an answer (welcoming any comment on whether I missed something) which works, given certain size restrictions on the input $x$ and $y$: Say, party A has Enc(x) and Enc(y): A flips a coin: b in {-1, 1} A computes: $Enc(c) = (Enc(y) Enc(-x))^{b*r} Enc(-r') = Enc(b*r*(y-x)-r')$ where (r, r') are a pair of random obfuscating values such that: ...

1

In Paillier, as you note, multiplication in the ciphertext domain translates to addition in the plaintext domain. Thanks to the algebraic structure behind Paillier what you can do to get subtraction is use the multiplicative. This works fine when the result is positive. When the result is negative, however, you would like to return that value, but what ...

1

Since $p$ and $q$ are primes, the only factors you needs to rule out are those two numbers. Suppose $p$ divides $(p-1)(q-1)$. Then it divides either $p-1$ (clearly not true) or $q-1$. The latter means $q-1 = p \cdot x$, for some $x \ge 2$ (if $x = 1$ either $p$ or $q$ is even, which is only possible if the numbers are 2 and 3). However, then $q \ge 2p+1$, ...

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