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6

All modern microprocessor Smart Card ICs contain a physical True RNG, generally followed by conditioning using a hardware de-biaser (such as Van Neumann's) or/and deterministic Pseudo-RNG of some kind that make the TRNG output more indistinguishable from random. Independently, a Smart Card could contain a (Cryptographically Secure) Pseudo-RNG. The later is ...

3

Who says that a dice roll is truly random? I notice you define it as a "fair" dice roll; sure, a "fair" real-world dice roll could be considered random but its randomness is based up our inability to manipulate the dice precisely (haha) while shaking them in our hand and then throwing them onto a surface. If we were in complete control of the initial state ...

5

Any result of a dice-throwing simulation in a physics engine is determined by its initial state prior to starting the simulation. Accordingly, the same initial state will always result in the same die surface coming up. To obtain a quantity of $N_{output}$ random output bits of randomness quality $Q_{output}$ from this simulation would require seeding with ...

14

No, that would not be a true RNG, because these physics engines would just repeat the exact same calculation and thus repeat the whole sequence of random numbers - like a PRNG. The starting conditions are the seed of this PRNG. Dice are truly random in the real world. Well, are they? If we ignore quantum effects, we could measure all relevant values of the ...

3

The person who asked the original questions seems to have deleted the account, so here's a full solution for future reference instead of just a hint: Assume that $G':\{0,1\}^{n-1}\to\{0,1\}^{m-1}$ is pseudorandom and $f':\{0,1\}^{n-1}\times \{0,1\}^{n-1}$ a one-way function. We construct the functions $f:\{0,1\}^n\to \{0,1\}^n$ and \$G:\{0,1\}^n\to ...

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