# Tag Info

63

An ASN.1-encoded SSH private key contains the following integers in order: The public modulus $n$ and exponent $e$; The private exponent $d$; The prime factors $p$ and $q$ of $n$; The "reduced" private exponents $d_p=d\bmod(p-1)$ and $d_q=d\bmod(q-1)$; The "CRT coefficient" $q_{\text{inv}}=q^{-1}\bmod p$. The observation that the value of $d$ in such a ...

38

Surprisingly, very basic algorithms which the children learn at the basic schools are used. For instance: http://www.wikihow.com/Do-Long-Multiplication You can find a similar algorithm for sum, sub and division. Try to ask google for: "division on paper" The "power of" is little tricky. In cryptography you don't really need the "real power of". Instead ...

32

The answer is in the source, file sshrsag.c, line 9: #define RSA_EXPONENT 37 /* we like this prime */ This value $e=37$ matches the conditions for a reasonable fixed RSA public exponent: $e$ is odd, $e$ is at least $3$, $e$ is reasonably small. The later condition is good for speed of operations involving the public key (encryption, ...

28

There are two reasons by which such "huge" numbers can be computed in reasonable time. The first one is that we do not raise one integer x to some big exponent d. What we do is that we compute x raised to power d modulo an integer n. The modulo means that we are not interested in the final integer xd but only in the remainder of the Euclidian division of xd ...

17

This is a common mistake, so I'd like to give an in-depth answer. Basically, what you are proposing is to rely on the ONE-WAYNESS of RSA as a ONE-WAY FUNCTION, rather than relying on its CPA or CCA security as an encryption scheme. The advantage of using RSA as a one-way function is that no padding etc is needed. Now, the first important thing to note is ...

15

If we want to compact an existing RSA private key expressed as $(N,e,d,p,q,d_p,d_q,q_\text{inv})$, we can reduce it to $(e,p,q)$ and easily recompute the rest as: \begin{align} N&=p\cdot q\\ d&=e^{-1}\bmod\operatorname{lcm}(p-1,q-1)\;\text{ or }\;d=e^{-1}\bmod((p-1)\cdot(q-1))\\ d_p&=d\bmod(p-1)\;\text{ or equivalently }\;d_p=e^{-1}\bmod(p-1)\\ ... 14 Anye$such that$\gcd(e, (p-1)(q-1)) = 1$will do. There is no need for it to be in the set$\{3,17,65537\}$; these last numbers are chosen for speed of encryption, mostly (two set bits leads to faster computation of modular exponentation), and these numbers happen to be prime, so the condiiton is easily checked. One often encounters other$e$, but many ... 12 You can use a seed to start a PRNG. Then you can use that PRNG to generate the two (or more) primes required to generate the key pair. Now if you save that seed you can regenerate the key pair, which means you don't have the store the modulus, CRT components or private exponent. So yes, it is possible to reduce the size, but this approach does have ... 12 The security level of an elliptic curve group is approximately$\log_2{0.886\sqrt{2^n}}$. You can use this to approximate the security level of a$n$-bit key, eg:$\log_2{0.886\sqrt{2^{571}}} = 285.32537860389294$The real computation (at least for curves over a finite field defined by a prime$p$) is$ \log_2{\sqrt{\pi/4}\sqrt{ℓ}} $, where$ℓ$is the ... 11 It is feasible to generate 300 million public key pairs of reasonable strength in 8 hours on a single computer, easily with ECDSA using a single core/thread, and even with DSA using quite a common multi-core computer. RSA would require many standard computers (baring hardware accelerators for modular exponentiation), assuming all the public keys are made ... 10 Actually, if the RSA key generation is malicious, there are even more subtle ways that can someone can leak the key. The cleverest way I've seen works like this (assuming that we're generating an RSA-1024 key; for RSA-2048, we just use a larger curve): The attacker generates an EC public/private key pair; using a 192 bit curve for RSA-1024 is good. He ... 8 The use of the AES key many times is not a problem. However, there is a fundamental flaw with your solution. The server has no way of validating that it received the client's authentic public key. In particular, a man-in-the-middle can capture the client's public key, can forward its own public key to the server, and can then decrypt all traffic sent by each ... 8 Definitions In RSA, an encryption key is a pair of integers$(N,e)$with$N$the product of$m\ge2$distinct odds secret primes$r_i$(with$0<i\le m$), and$e$is such that$\gcd(e,\lambda(N))=1$where$\lambda(N)=\operatorname{lcm}(r_1-1,\dots,r_m-1)$is the Charmichael function. It follows that$e$is odd. Typically, other conditions are added, like ... 8 For RSA, the answer whether it is feasible for a single computer depends on the reason your generating them (and specifically, whether they need to remain secure if you publish a number of them). For example, if you're generating the RSA keys to search for some criteria (e.g. the hash of the public key has a specific pattern), and you'll discard the ones ... 8 You are looking at the ASN.1 encoding of private (and public) keys; the 00 values you see are an artifact of how ASN.1 encodes integers. ASN.1 is a method for describing data structures, and has ways to represents all sorts of data types. It wasn't designed with public keys (or cryptography) in mind; it was intended for more general use, initially ... 8 If your calculator is able to compute$n^2$, you can compute$m^e \bmod n$using the binary exponential method. In this method, you should first compute the binary form of$e$. Let$\ell$be the number of bits in$e$, and let$e_i$denote the$i$-th bit of$e$, so that$e=\sum\limits_{i=0}^\ell e_i \cdot 2^i$. Now, with the algorithm below, you can compute ... 7 I work for Security Innovation, which owns the NTRU patents. All NTRU-related patents are freely usable under GPL 2.0 and 3.0 -- in other words, they should fit in with your license requirement as given above. If you have specific license requirements beyond GPL please let me know and we'll accommodate them if we can. There's an open-source C and Java ... 6 Basically$M = 9$is a challenge. Alice will have to sign it (compute$M^d \pmod {21})$, because only she knows$d$. As$(M^e)^d = (M^d)^e = M \pmod{21}$, it should be clear what Bob should do to verify that the reply indeed equals$M^d$, which only Alice could have produced... 6 In the basic fixed window method of performing point multiplication, we compute the value$nP$(where$n$is the integer we're multiplying by, and$P$is the basis point) by finding the base$b$representation$n = d_k b^k + d_{k-1} b^{k-1} + ... + d_1 b^1 + d_0 b^0$(where$0 \le d_i < b$), and then computing first$1P, 2P, ..., (b-1)P$and then$nP = ...

6

Decoding information within a time frame is of absolute importance. Say X is an terrorist, the information of his attack will be useful today, not years after the attack has happened. And similarly decoding your message is important today, not years later. Also there might be a possibility that when somebody has decoded your key for future use, you might ...

6

First, let me address the assumption that private keys will be found in a few years using a fast computer. Unless there are serious algorithmic improvements in the cryptanalysis of a scheme, this simply is not true. Of course, the length of the key is of importance, and if you need security for the far future then you should be using 4096-bit keys (or even ...

6

What is stopping someone from saving encrypted info, and decoding it later? Nothing. That's exactly why certain three letter institutions build large data centers... Waiting for the first large quantum computer to be built or for new attack techniques that allow to break e.g. RSA for the key sizes used today. Are there any time-sensitive safeguards ...

6

The previous answer has the correct formula for estimating the security level of prime field elliptic curves. However, the table seems to just list the closest Koblitz curve sizes used, as Richie Frame points out. If you computed the actual security strength of the curves in question, you would not end up with exactly the values in the left column. For ...

5

Provably secure cryptographic hash functions are often built using the same sort of operations as what are used in asymmetric crypto. The major problem with these constructions are that they are very inefficient. Also, a lot of these sorts of constructions have finite input domains. Thus, you have to figure out how to extend it to arbitrary length inputs. ...

5

Although I can't see any immediate weaknesses, I also don't see how it adds significant value over DSA (while being significantly slower). It claims to be based on two hard problems, discrete log and factoring. However, it doesn't give any particular proof that if you could forge signatures, you can solve both problems. It also doesn't look particularly ...

5

No, this system is not secure. Knowledge of the private key immediately gives enough of the public key that we can immediately encrypt an arbitrary message. The NTRU decryption key includes a polynomial $f$; the encryption key is essentially $f^{-1}g$, where $g$ is a polynomial with coefficients in the set $(0, p, -p)$. Anyone with the private key can ...

5

Alice also needs to first decrypt the symmetric key and then decrypt the message. It almost seems like a double work. Encrypting a short plaintext (i.e. the symmetric key) requires only one asymmetric (e.g. RSA) operation, while encrypting a longer message would in theory require many RSA operations. Suppose we want to encrypt a 1 MiB message. Using ...

5

Towards the security of the signature scheme, no precaution against timing attack is necessary when verifying an asymmetric signature. That's because there is no secret involved, thus no information leak to fear. However it can happen that the message, or the signature itself, is intended to be secret; a leak by timing dependency (during computation of the ...

5

To generate your pair of keys with elliptic curves first you have to chose your domain parameters (I think this name may comes from the P1363 naming convention, or perhaps it's previous). Those domain parameters will be public. For example for curves over finite fields those parameters are: ${p,a,b,G,n,h}$. The lower level operations will be made in ...

5

The requirement was introduced in IUT Recommendation X.509 (November 1993), informative appendix D.5.2: It must be ensured that e > log2(n). If not, then the simple operation of taking the integer eth root of a ciphertext block will disclose the plaintext. This advice was removed in the 2000 edition of the standard. It was arguably misguided, and at ...

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