# Tag Info

14

If this requires a single answer among 1/2/3/4 (rather than none), I would select 3, by the following reasoning: Digital Signature provides confidentiality while message authentication code can not We can summarily exclude this, since since Digital Signature simply do not provide confidentiality. Digital Signatures works faster than ...

13

This is one of the earliest questions that was asked in modern cryptography. There is a proof that you cannot achieve completely fair contract signing. However, there are some reasonable alternatives. There is one direction called "gradual release" which I personally do not like. A model that I think has a lot of promise is called the "optimistic model". In ...

11

First of all, yes, the message digest is the hash of the message. Secondly, do not mix things up. You are talking about public key encryption and signature. Let's redefine them to make sure we have everything right. Alice and Bob got pairs of key ($A_{pub}$, $A_{priv}$), ($B_{pub}$, $B_{priv}$). Alice knows $B_{pub}$ and Bob knows $A_{pub}$. Alice wants ...

11

The digital signature algorithm encrypts a hash using the senders private key and the receiver's public key. Huh? I see two problems with the above statement; "Encryption"; using the word encryption implies that there's a way somehow to decrypt it. However, there's no way to anyone, even with the private key, to "decrypt" a signature to generate the ...

9

This is based on an averaging argument (which is also used in the proof of the Goldreich-Levin hardcore bit). First, I assume that when writing $Pr[A(x,y)=1] \geq \epsilon$, then the probability is taken over a random choice of both $x$ and $y$. Now, the claim is that there exists a subset of $x$ values of a large enough size'' so that for every $x$ in ...

7

The correct term for bytes to be signed is “message”. Generally, it does not really matter if a message to be signed is human readable or not. Sometimes, you may also find it mentioned as “digital message”… which practically is the same and merely extends the term to explicitly hint at the fact the message is digitally stored and/or processed. References ...

7

Alice could just generate a random number (to be their shared key), sign it, encrypt it with Bob's public key, and send it to Bob. I, as an eavesdropper, can capture this exchange. In fact, I can capture many of these as I want with other people communicating with Bob. Then, fast forward to some point in the future, if I can compromise Bob's private key, I ...

7

None. You don't trust the Root CA certificate because it was signed by anything - you trust the Root CA because you (or someone on your behalf) placed it in your trust anchor store. A Root CA certificate has a signature simply because it is mandatory within the X509 specification - it serves no other purpose. Technically, the trust anchor doesn't have to ...

6

As pointed by CodesInChaos, you'll need to know the padding used; depending on application that could be RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5, or RSASSA-PSS, or some of the three schemes of ISO/IEC 9796-2, etc.. Hashing, and padding check, are a significant part of the code. In any case, yes, it is possible to implement RSA-2048 signature verification on a Cortex-M0 ...

6

Can I compute the only hash of the modulus for integrity? Well, if we allow the attacker to modify the value of $e$ you use (because it's in untrusted storage and you don't verify it), how can he exploit that? Well, the most obvious approach for him would be to modify $e$ to be the value 1; that would make generating forgeries really quite simple. Now, ...

6

First, assuming any padding, the answer given by fgrieu to your related question still holds. You can associate public keys with signatures by looking at which signatures are consistenly (minimally) smaller than the modulus. The second method, as suggested by poncho in the comments of your related question and the comments of this post cleverly uses small ...

6

Any probabilistic signature scheme can be made deterministic without any loss of security. The generic transformation is as follows: Let $(pk,sk)$ be the key-pair of the original signature scheme Choose a random key $k$ for a pseudorandom function $F$ (you can use HMAC or CMAC), where the output of $F$ is enough randomness used to sign. This key is part of ...

6

Is there a RSA scheme which produces fixed size signatures? Normally RSA signatures are fixed size. Depending on encoding and the details included, the length may vary by at least a few bytes, though. There is usually a known maximum at least. The last block can be as small as 1 byte. Is there any cryptographical risk doing this? No. As long ...

5

The standard way to do this is with a hash list. That is, you would hash each of the messages $m_i$ to produce a hash $h_i = H(m_i)$, and then combine all the hashes and hash them to obtain a master hash $h = H(h_0 \| h_1 \| h_2 \| \dots \| h_n)$. Finally, you can e.g. digitally sign the master hash to prove that the hash, and by extension all the messages,...

5

Although I can't see any immediate weaknesses, I also don't see how it adds significant value over DSA (while being significantly slower). It claims to be based on two hard problems, discrete log and factoring. However, it doesn't give any particular proof that if you could forge signatures, you can solve both problems. It also doesn't look particularly ...

5

I'd say that most of the time the signature is accompanied by the certificate of the signer. This certificate contains the public key. Most container formats such as CMS (used in S/MIME, also known as PKCS#7) or XML digsig contain specific fields that may contain certificates - and usually do. When the certificate is received the Public Key Infrastructure (...

5

No, plain RSA signatures are existentially forgeable under a key only attack. This is because of the following attack strategy: Given a verification key $(e,N)$, set the message to $m=s^e \bmod{N}$ for an arbitrary $s$ in the message space and set the corresponding signature to $s$. Output the message signature pair $(m,s)$ as a forgery. It is easy to ...

5

Note that the signature is $(s,e)$ where $s=k-xe$. If you can learn $k$ since it is predictable, then you can learn the secret signing key by computing $x = (s-k)/e$. Note that even without a concrete attack, the proof of security completely breaks down if the value $k$ is not chosen randomly. Having said this, it is possible to change the scheme to be ...

5

It is possible to view DSA/ECDSA as an identification scheme (like Schnorr) but with a different variant of Fiat-Shamir. This gives the intuition that you are perhaps looking for. I will include an excerpt from Intro to Modern Cryptography 2nd edition (Section 12.5.2) which gives this explanation: Begin Excerpt -- Section 12.5.2 DSA and ECDSA The Digital ...

5

1) In the selective unforgeability game (often also denoted universal unforgeability), the adversary is given the public key and a target message for which it needs to produce a forgery (instead of giving the adversary only the public key and letting the adversary choose the target message). 2) No, any scheme that is EUF-CMA is also SUF-CMA (this is easy ...

5

Rabin-Williams signature verification with 3072 bit keys is much faster than EdDSA signature verification of comparable security (when done in software). How much depends on care of coding, hardware, EdDSA parameters. Two data points: in the eBATS benchmarks for a skylake CPU, ronald3072 signature verification (RSA with $e=3$ as an OpenSSL wrapper, by ...

5

I suppose that you address the question to a signature scheme, in which the signature is still the pair $(r,s)$ with $r=g^k \bmod p$ as the exponentiated nonce and $$s = H(m)\cdot x + k \mod q,$$ where $h = H(m)$ depends solely on the message $m$ being signed. Here $x$ denotes the secret signing key and $q$ the order of the generator $g$ of a prime ...

5

The usual methods of RSA signature with message recovery (that is, embedding a part of the message in the signature, known as the revoverable message) are those in ISO/IEC 9796-2:2010 (partial preview). There are three: Scheme 1; it is an ad-hoc scheme that essentially concatenates the recoverable message, the hash of the whole message, and a little fixed ...

4

The question "why is preimage resistance needed for hash functions" is not really relevant. This is because collision resistance implies preimage resistance. Thus, it is just a fact that if you have collision resistance then you must have preimage resistance. So, instead, I will relate to what preimage resistance is good for at all. In more technical ...

4

The short answer is that there's no link between your physical signature and any cryptographic signature. Indeed, from the high-level description of how DocuSign works and their security manifesto there's no reason to believe that any cryptography goes into the signature process itself. Note that “signature” is an overloaded word. In this post, I will refer ...

4

Ed25519 is well-defined and requires you to use SHA-512 as internal hash function along with the twisted Edwards version of Curve25519, hence there's no need for a KAC when it comes to questions about the parameters. As for the integrity of the public key, there's not yet a standard for Ed25519 based certificates so there would be a custom solution needed ...

4

If he gets the signature for the message 00000..00000, then the checksum will be $t_1 2^w$. For any other message, the checksum will be smaller, and hence the there will be at least one digit $i$ within the checksum for which the $c_i$ digit with value $v$ for the signed message will be larger than the corresponding digit for the new message. The attacker ...

4

First lets be precise on some definitions : Integrity = only the authorized users can modify the information. Confidentiality = only the authorized users can access the information. Here the information is in plain view. Authentication = Proof of the identity of the content/sender (sort of proof of identity), be sure to not mistake it with identification. ...

4

One of the main differences is that Message Authentication Codes don't prove authorship of the message. Imagine the situation, when Bob sent a signed contract to Alice. In case of digital signature Alice can go to court claiming that Bob has signed the contract. A judge can verify the signature and make sure that the contract was really signed by Bob as only ...

4

It is important and interesting to notice the different use cases you mention. You don't have millions of software updates you have to sign every day (or second for that matter). For SSL connections, however, you may have millions per second. Given the two use cases, it makes sense that the way you would protect the keys would be different. We don't know (...

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