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2

Yes there are such schemes. However they aren't standardized by any means yet. The schemes I'm talking about take part in CAESAR-competition. If you wait ~1 week (hopefully) you'll see if any mode / cipher makes in in the second round. This paper provides you with a good overview over the ciphers. The four ciphers you need are: ICEPOLE (Sponge based) ...

2

The way a stream cipher works, traditionally, is that $E_k$ produces a pseudorandom bitstream (the keystream) based solely on the key $k$. The message is then encrypted by XORing the message with the keystream. This has a number of consequences, notably that if you know both the plaintext and ciphertext, it's trivial to compute the keystream (if \$C=M\oplus ...

4

I should begin by noting that this seems like an unusual assignment. I'm not sure why someone would explicitly have a goal of combining block ciphers and stream ciphers. First, let's summarize the difference between block and stream ciphers, since this may be useful for future readers. Block ciphers are so called because they operate over fixed lengths of ...

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