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 malleability× 19 said to be malleable if it is feasible to modify ciphertext to produce meaningful changes in the corresponding plaintext without knowing the encryption key. prg× 19 A pseudorandom generator (PRG) maps a random seed to a long pseudorandom stream and is the model for stream ciphers. challenge-response× 19 a family of protocols in which one party presents a question ("challenge") and another party must provide a valid answer ("response") to be authenticated. deniable-encryption× 19 a type of cryptography that allows an encrypted text to be decrypted in two or more ways, depending on which decryption key is used. ciphertext-only-attack× 18 a form of cryptographic attack in which the attacker possesses only the encrypted message, with no corresponding plain text or segment of the key to work with. cmac× 18 a block cipher-based message authentication code algorithm. algebraic-attack× 18 a method of cryptanalysis against a cipher 1)expressing the cipher operations as a system of equations. 2)substituting in known data for some of the variables. 3)sol… poly1305× 18 a cryptographic message authentication code (MAC) written by Daniel J. Bernstein. It can be used to verify the data integrity and the authenticity of a message. pkcs11× 18 PKCS #11 (Public-Key Cryptography Standard 11) defines a platform-independent API to cryptographic tokens, such as hardware security modules (HSM) and smart cards called *Cryptoki*. order-preserving× 18 a method of encrypting data so that it's possible to make efficient inequality comparisons on the encrypted items without decrypting them. voting× 18 a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion. twofish× 17 A symmetric block-cipher algorithm with a 128-bit block size, and key sizes up to 256 bits. timestamping× 17 the current time of an event that is recorded by a computer. You can use digital timestamps via a trusted authority to certify and protect your intellectual property or your … ofb× 17 an encryption mode, that builds a synchronous stream-cipher from a block-cipher. oaep× 17 a padding scheme which has been standardized in [PKCS #1v29](http://www.emc.com/collateral/white-papers/h11300-pkcs-1v2-2-rsa-cryptography-standard-wp.pdf) and… quadratic-residuosity× 17 A residue of order 2. A number $a$ for which the congruence $x^2 ≡ a \pmod m$ has a solution is called a quadratic residue modulo $m$. libsodium× 17 "The sodium crypto library". A cryptographic multi-language-library with support for many modern cryptographic primitives, that is a fork of the NaCl library. The library focuses on providing easy-to-… hotp× 17 The HMAC-based one-time password algorithm defined in RFC 4226. frequency-analysis× 17 the study of letters or groups of letters contained in a ciphertext in an attempt to partially reveal the message. hardness-assumptions× 17 fips-140× 16 a U.S. government computer security standard used to accredit cryptographic modules. distinguishing-attack× 16 any form of cryptanalysis on data encrypted by a cipher that allows an attacker to distinguish the encrypted data from random data. crc× 16 non-cryptographic error-detecting code commonly used to detect accidental changes to raw data. key-distribution× 16 key-schedule× 16 an algorithm that expands a relatively short master key to a relatively large expanded key for later use in an encryption and decryption algorithm. lightweight× 16 Small and/or fast ciphers and other cryptographic primitives designed for use in constrained environments, such as embedded MCUs and smart cards. montgomery-multiplication× 15 playfair× 15 a digraph substitution cipher. It employs a table where one letter of the alphabet is omitted, and the letters are arranged in a 5x5 grid. commutative-encryption× 15 A commutative encryption system allows a message encrypted with two different keys to be decrypted using the keys in either order. accumulators× 15 a one way membership function. It answers a query as to whether a potential candidate is a member of a set without revealing the individual members of the set. functional-encryption× 15 a type of public-key encryption, where the party that has access to a secret key can learn a function from that key, which is used to encrypt and decrypt messages. safe-prime× 15 a prime number of the form 2p + 1, where p is also a prime. transposition-cipher× 15 A classical cipher in which the ciphertext is obtained by scrambling the letters of the plaintext. trapdoor× 15 a function that is easy to perform one way, but has a secret that is required to perform the inverse calculation efficiently. verifiability× 15 dictionary-attack× 14 In cryptanalysis and computer security, a dictionary attack is a technique for defeating a cipher or authentication mechanism by trying to determine its decryption key or pass-phrase by trying hundred…