What's the difference between block ciphers and symmetric-key encryption?

Question

Both block ciphers and symmetric-key encryption use a secret key to transform plaintext into ciphertext, and do so in a reversible manner. Are they the same? Or does symmetric-key encryption also includes things other than block ciphers?

Answer 1

Symmetric-key scheme just means use a key to encrypt and decrypt the same message.

Block ciphers just means encrypt your data in many small bits blocks (which can vary in size with padding randomized technique).

Answer 2

Symmetric(-key) encryption is a sub-field of cryptography, and historically the first one. It studies encryption methods of the symmetric breed; that is, using the same secret key for encryption and decryption, including ciphers and block ciphers.

By the modern definition of these terms, a block cipher is not a cipher. It is a building block used by some ciphers (and many other cryptographic primitives). It performs deterministic encryption of data blocks of some fixed size into a block of the same size, when ciphers have no such size restrictions and can meet more stringent security goals.

---

A common definition of a block cipher with block size $b$ bits and keyspace $\mathcal K$ is: a public, efficiently computable (encryption) function $E:\mathcal K\times\{0,1\}^b\to\{0,1\}^b$ (where $\{0,1\}^b$ is the set of the $2^b$ bitstrings of exactly $b$ bits); together with a matching public, efficiently computable (decryption) function $D:\mathcal K\times\{0,1\}^b\to\{0,1\}^b$, such that for any $K$ in keyspace $\mathcal K$, and any $P$ in $\{0,1\}^b$, it holds that $D(K,E(K,P))=P$ (that means: decryption always reverse encryption). In this case, the block cipher belongs straight to symmetric encryption, since the same key $K$ is used for encryption $E$ and decryption $D$. AES-256 is an example of such block cipher, with keyspace $\mathcal K=\{0,1\}^{256}$ and $b=128$ bits, thus plaintext and ciphertext blocks (the input and output of encryption by a block cipher) in the set $\{0,1\}^{128}$.

^{Note: Rarely, the definition might omit that $D$ is efficiently computable, e.g. might not mention $D$ and instead specify a condition implying its existence but not efficient computability, such as: for any $K$ in keyspace $\mathcal K$, and any distinct $P$ and $P'$ in $\{0,1\}^b$, $E(K,P)$ and $E(K,P')$ are distinct. It might be required that no efficiently computable $D$ exists, and optionally asked instead for an efficiently computable $D'$ such that $D'(K',E(K,P))=P$ , with $(K,K')$ forming a public/private key pair generated by some process, allowing asymmetric encryption/decryption. It is possible to construct this, or a block cipher that can not be deciphered even with the encryption key a known arbitrary bitstring, with a strong security argument; e.g. from RSA (for asymmetric decipherable) or the DLP in $\mathbb Z_p$ (for undecipherable), and cycle walking for operation on $\{0,1\}^b$ as required. But known such constructions tend to require large $b$, e.g. $b\ge2^{11}$ rather than $b\ge2^{7}$ for modern common symmetric decipherable block ciphers.}

---

Ciphers are public methods allowing transfer of plaintext in an encrypted form (the ciphertext), computed from a key and the plaintext, while allowing decryption of the ciphertext back to the plaintext for one holding a key. In symmetric encryption, the key used for encryption is also used for decryption, thus is a secret; while in asymmetric encryption a public key is used for encryption, and a private (secret) key is used for decryption. Unless otherwise stated, ciphers aim at preventing an adversary ignoring the decryption key from learning anything new about the plaintext (except its length) by examination of the corresponding ciphertext, and possibly other ways (examining other ciphertext for which the corresponding plaintext is known or chosen, side channels, asking for decryption of chosen ciphertext..).

Contrary to a block cipher, a cipher is not restricted to having plaintext (input of encryption) and ciphertext (result of encryption) of the same fixed size. Plaintext can (and usually is) of variable size. Ciphertext is almost always sizably larger than the plaintext is. Also, a cipher is not necessarily such that the same plaintext and key always yield the same ciphertext, which would prevent ciphertext indistiguishability (equivalently security under chosen plaintext), considered a standard security requirement for a cipher, that all block ciphers lack.

Many any common ciphers are asymmetric (when no common block cipher is, see note). Some common symmetric ciphers internally use a block cipher in some mode of operation, but there are many notable ciphers that do not, typically stream ciphers.

Answer 3

No they are not the same. For instance stream ciphers are symmetric.