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I'm learning about garbled circuits, and I'm using the following tutorial: Yao's Protocol.

I have a questions regarding to construction (encryption) of truth table in garbled circuits.

Slide 14 says:

For each wire x, y, z, specify two random values, corresponding to 0 and 1.

So I picked:

(k_x0, k_x1) = 1, 0
(k_y0, k_y1) = 0, 1
(k_z0, k_z1) = 1, 0

Then,

We need to “associate” (k_z0, k_z1) with (k_x0, k_x1, k_y0, k_y1).

Here's my table according to the values in slide 16.

x | y | z | GCT
----------------
1 | 0 | 1 |  ?
1 | 1 | 1 |  ?
0 | 0 | 1 |  ?
0 | 1 | 0 |  ?

However, I can't figure out what should GCT values be? How should those values be calculated?

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  • $\begingroup$ Your table is empty but, int the slides, it is full $\endgroup$
    – kelalaka
    Oct 7, 2018 at 14:50

2 Answers 2

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The slides you are looking date from 2014, but some optimizations have been realized since ! By the fact that all fonctions can be written as a combination of AND and XOR gates, you just need to be able to encrypt AND and XOR gates. Obviously, both can be done with double encryption but look at those two optimizations : FreeXOR and HalfGates. A list of all optimizations can be found here

On the page 13 of the HalfGates optimization, you have the algorithm using both (FreeXOR and HalfGates) of this optimizations.

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Yao, encodes AND curcuit as;

  • the $x$ values as $k_x^0,k_x^1$,
  • the $y$ values as $k_y^0,k_y^1$,
  • the $z$ values as $z_k^0,z_k^1$.

Here the upper script represents 0 or 1.

\begin{array}{|c|} \hline GCT \\\hline E_{k_x^0}(E_{k_y^0}(k_z^0)) & \\\hline E_{k_x^0}(E_{k_y^1}(k_z^0)) & \\\hline E_{k_x^1}(E_{k_y^0}(k_z^0)) & \\\hline E_{k_x^1}(E_{k_y^1}(k_z^1)) & \\\hline \end{array}

Where $E$ is Symmetric Encryption Scheme, and in these schemes Block Ciphers can be utilized. One can use Asymmetric Encryption schemes but that will be slow, and non-standard.

so, given to keys, only one of the rows can be decrypted correctly.

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  • $\begingroup$ my question was how to calculate values in GCT column, i.e. what is E? i found this question crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/48081/…, the answer says that E is some symmetric encryption scheme, so can that scheme be an algorithm that computes the values of GCT columns by ANDing, ORing etc. the k_z0, k_y0, k_x0? $\endgroup$
    – user3132457
    Oct 7, 2018 at 16:06
  • $\begingroup$ your document already says that "use $k_i^j$'s as encryption keys. You can construct any truth table. $\endgroup$
    – kelalaka
    Oct 7, 2018 at 16:19
  • $\begingroup$ i mean how is the encryption algorithm chosen? $\endgroup$
    – user3132457
    Oct 7, 2018 at 16:33
  • $\begingroup$ see the update. $\endgroup$
    – kelalaka
    Oct 7, 2018 at 16:42
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    $\begingroup$ Simply letting $E_k(m)$ be a block cipher won't work if there are many gates in the circuit (see Tate-Xu 2003). You either need to incorporate a unique identifier of each gate, for example $F_{k_x}(id) \oplus F_{k_y}(id) \oplus k_z$. And then if you're really using standard Yao (evaluator does trial decryption) instead of point-permute then you have to add extra redundancy to the ciphertexts so you can tell when you've got the right ciphertext. $\endgroup$
    – Mikero
    Oct 7, 2018 at 21:45

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