A tweakable blockcipher where the tweak is set to a counter, and the plaintext gets encrypted directly has the same properties as your idea.
When these properties are desired, you can use either a specialized tweakable blockcipher such as threefish, or you turn a normal blockcipher into a tweakable blockcipher.
When using AES, a typical choice is XTS, which has higher performance and avoids related keys. Such a mode is useful for disk encryption, TrueCrypt is a prominent example using it. And it's documentation has a description of XTS
I believe the encryption part of OCB can be viewed as a tweakable blockcipher as well.
These modes achieve the same thing as your idea, while avoiding the downsides(performance, related keys), so it's not surprising that rekeying isn't used to construct tweakable blockciphers.
If you don't use AES, but a cipher with a fast re-keying and no related key vulnerabilities, you can simply concatenate key and counter, which is pretty similar to your idea. I believe this would work with the blockcipher underlying BLAKE. Threefish treats key and counter almost the same way, so you can view as using the concatenation of key and tweak as its key.
Another downside of your mode is that it allows a multi-target attack on the key:
When you encrypt a constant file of n
blocks (say a zero initialized file), a brute-force attacker can recover your key with $2^k/n$ operations where $k$ is the size of the key, so you should use larger keys, probably 160+ bits or so.
The attacker encrypts the fixed and known plaintext block with varying keys and compares it against all the know ciphertext blocks. This comparison is O(1) using a hashtable. Each attempt has a $n$ in $2^k$ chance of succeeding, since there are $n$ targets. Thus the cost of the attack is $2^k/n$ invocations of the blockcipher.