# Can you use ECDSA on pairing-friendly curves?

I'm learning about Elliptic curve cryptography. If I understand right, ECDSA and other algorithms used in ECC are dependent on the curve chosen. So, before you want to use ECDSA, you first have to choose a suitable curve.

Pairing-friendly curves are a special kind of elliptic curves that have properties that allow for different algorithms not available on every elliptic curves such as BLS or Identity-Based Encryption.

Following the discovery of these attacks in the early 1990s, the consensus was that elliptic curves with low embedding degrees should not be used in discrete log protocols. In fact many standards for elliptic curve cryptography such as ANSI X9.62 [3] explicitly forbid the use of such curves. However, low-embedding degree elliptic curves are now very much back in vogue since they are crucial for the efficient realization of the pairing-based protocols that were presented in §3.

Let's say I wanted to use ECDSA (which is based on the discrete log problem I believe) over a pairing-friendly curve (like alt_bn128). According to this, the pairing-friendly curve is supposed to have a low-embedding degree and shouldn't be used with ECDSA.

Am I understanding this correctly? Does that mean the cryptographic primitives one can use on pairing-friendly curves should be specifically designed for pairing-friendly curves (like BLS)?

• ECDSA if often used with NIST curves with cofactor 1. However, some pairing-friendly curves have larger cofactors, so you need to take that into account. For example, the BLS12-381 curve has a 381-bit prime but the main subgroup has 255 bits, therefore is has around $$255/2 \approx 128$$ bits of security (and not $$381/2$$)