40 questions linked to/from Easy explanation of "IND-" security notions?
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### 7zip : Why does encrypting the same file with AES-256 not give the same output?

Using 7-zip 19.00, on Windows 10 1909, build 18363.592, I encrypted a text file with the contents "hello there" using AES-256 and the password "123". I did this two times, the exact same procedure, ...
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### What do the signature security abbreviations like EUF-CMA mean?

From time to time, one stumbles across formal security definitions. This includes security definitions for signature schemes. The most common ones are the *UF-* ...
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### What is the purely mathematical definition of encryption strength?

An encryption function can be used to obfuscate pieces of information and later on retrieve them. What is the yardstick for measuring how well the function encrypts the information ? Given any ...
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### How to prove security of a randomized encryption algorithm?

I have designed an random encryption in public key setting. I am convinced about its security guarantee but I need a formal way to prove its robustness. How can I prove the security of this random-...
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### Does adding complexity mean a more secure cipher?

I have a cryptography workshop question I'm having trouble with as follows; Person A creates a cipher $E_k(m)$ which produces a ciphertext from message $m$ using key $k$. The function inside $E$ is ...
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### Is there a cryptographic approach to availability

Background Cryptography can be said to provide the tools used to fulfill the goals of information security. The three pillars of information security are confidentiality, integrity, and ...
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### Why does Encrypt-Then-Sign not yield a CCA-secure public-key encryption scheme?

In symmetric cryptography, combining an IND-CPA secure symmetric encryption scheme with a secure MAC with the encrypt-then-MAC method yields a IND-CCA secure symmetric encryption scheme. I am trying ...
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### What do NM-CPA, and NM-CCA mean?

When I've been researching authenticated encryption, the following terms keep showing up: NM-CPA NM-CCA ....without any definition as to what they mean. I've tried searching the web for their ...
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### Which attacks are possible against raw/textbook elliptic curve?

A quick question, we know that raw RSA is a no go. To solve this we have different PKCS standards forcing structure on the input messages. For EC the story is something else. For signatures we have ...
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### Is ElGamal IND-CCA1?

We all know that textbook ElGamal falls due to chosen ciphertext attacks, because of its multiplicative homomorphic property ($E(A)*E(B)=E(AB)$). However these attacks require the ciphertext ($E(A)$ ...
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### Chosen plain text and chosen ciphertext definitions clarification

I am trying to understand a concept of CPA and CCA attack and I cannot get one thing from the definition. If an attacker can execute a CPA attack for something like Send 100 dollars to attacker that ...
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### Does Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) provide IND-CCA2 security?

I am looking for a faster alternative to RSA with OAEP as a IND-CCA2 public key scheme. Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme might be a candidate, but I am not sure if it provides IND-CCA2 ...
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### Does having a hash of the plaintext compromise the ciphertext?

If I have a SHA512 hash of my plaintext, does it weaken or break the encryption of my ciphertext?
I understand that if DDH (Decisional Diffie–Hellman) is hard then ElGamal is CPA secure. But I'm having confusion on what part the DDH applies to. So, given $pk=(G, g, y), y=g^x$ and \$sk=(pk,x), x \...