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### Are there any known collisions for the SHA (1 & 2) family of hash functions?

Are there any known collisions for the hash functions SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512? By that, I mean are there known values of $a$ and $b$ where $F(a) = F(b)$ and $a ≠ b$?
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### Why is SHA-1 considered broken?

Is there a known pair of distinct bit strings (A,B) such that SHA-1(A) == SHA-1(B)? If the answer is no, then how can SHA-1 be considered broken?
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### What is a “freestart collision”?

In their work on SHA-1 collisions (cf. the EUROCRYPT-2016 paper “Freestart collision on full SHA-1” by Stevens, Karpman, and Peyrin) Stevens et al show that they are able to generate "freestart ...
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### SHA-1 collisions - what about practical attacks?

I understand the theoretical problem with hash collision but when it comes to practice, I get very confused. Suppose a attacker would like to forge a certificate (or any kind of structured piece of ...
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### Are there valid attacks on full SHA-1?

Google today announced they are sunsetting SHA-1. Its fine by me. But that made me realize I am not keeping up with the research on SHA-1. The Wikipedia page only says Stevens' attack is the most ...
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### Finding collisions in SHA1

I am trying to find two collisions in SHA1 for the 50 least significant bits. I was wondering if there was a way to efficiently do this without having to brute force all of the possible hash outputs? ...
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### Does a practical collision attack on a cryptographic hash function also mean it fails “indistinguishable from random data”?

It is knowns that SHA-1 has been broken in practice using collision attacks. Related to SHA-1 this mainly had a negative impact on the security of Digital Certificate signatures Email PGP/GPG ...
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### Brute-force attacks practical limit

My question is about practical limit for brute force attacks. As I know 3DES with 56 bits key length can be broken via brute force. I also heard the same news about 64 bit key length (correct me if I ...