Cryptography

Questions tagged [hmac]

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HMAC is a method for constructing a message authentication code based on a cryptographic hash function.

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Bitcoin Key Recovery Without Nonce Re-Use

There are a lot of questions in these forums regarding the recovery of private keys. But I'm here to postulate on something unique to a specific piece of research that I looked into recently. The ...
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Generating HMAC(SHA256) keys using WebCrypto deriveKey() API

I am using the javascript WebCrypto API window.crypto.subtle.deriveKey() API to generate HMAC keys like this: ...
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Is Poly1305 enough for cascading ciphers? [duplicate]

ChaCha20 along with Poly1305 provides confidentiality and integrity. Now suppose I cascade AES on top of ChaCha20. Is it safe to assume that the Poly1305 MAC is still secure, even if I cascade ...
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How do high hash rates affect hashed password security?

Given the increase in hash rate since the rise of numerous block chains, I wonder how this affects the security of many hashed password systems. Is a standard linux ...
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Authentication tag length and post-quantum security

The recommended hash length for post-quantum security seems to be either 384-bits or 512-bits. 512-bits gives 256-bit collision resistance, and 256-bit security is obviously ideal for post-quantum ...
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Randomizing output of HKDF for the same input key material [duplicate]

Given HKDF and a master input material key $k$, I would like to derive ephemeral keys that cannot be linked together. If I understand correctly, the specification of $HKDF$ adding a unique random $...
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HKDF Bit Security

I've always understood the bit security of hash functions to be related to their output size (eg. collision resistance). However, I recently came across a table from a Wickr blog post that lists HKDF-...
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Forgery of the Carter-Wegman MAC

Consider the nonce-based Carter-Wegman MAC which works on key space $K=\{0,1\}^n \times \{0,1\}^n,$ message space $M=\{0,1\}^{mn}$, nonce space $N=\{0,1\}^n$ and the tag space $T=\{0,1\}^n$ as follows:...
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Is HMAC-SHA256 a PRF?

In the abstract of The Exact PRF-Security of NMAC and HMAC, Gazi, Pietrzak, and Rybar state: NMAC was introduced by Bellare, Canetti and Krawczyk [Crypto’96], who proved it to be a secure ...
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Is the HMAC of a broken hash such as MD2, MD5, SHA1 etc, also broken?

As we know, MD5 and SHA1 (to some extent) are broken, and older algorithms like SHA0 or MD4 and MD2 are very broken. Does this also imply that the corresponding HMACs are also broken? Obviously nobody ...
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How secure is Encrypt-And-MAC?

From this popular Crypto.SE thread, the general feeling is that Encrypt-Then-MAC is the most secure. From the first answer, the poster says that Encrypt-And-MAC provides integrity of the plaintext. If ...
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Is E_k(M)||H(m) form of MAC secure?

Would this encryption and signing scenario be considered tamper-proof? ...
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Schnorr Protocol Implementation - Sometimes Fails on Curve25519

I am implementing the Schnorr Protocol in python and am having reliability issues when using some curves. I am wondering if this is an issue with my logic, or some implementation issue. I am using ...
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AES-128/CTR/NoPadding HMAC vs Signature

Is there a semantic difference between tagging AES_128/CTR/NoPadding ciphertext with an HMAC or Digital Signature (SHA256withRSA)...
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Encryption on one AES mode and decrypting on another, where both use HMAC

Let's say there are 2 ciphers, $enc$ and $dec$, where: $enc$ will encrypt the data, and $dec$ will decrypt it. Both $enc$ and $dec$ must be an AES cipher. $enc$ and $dec$ will use the same key $k$ ...
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How to correctly implement an archetypal encrypt-then-MAC AES-CTR + HMAC mode cipher?

I've created an AES implementation in Python as a learning experience (mainly for encrypting/decrypting files), and wanted to make sure that I haven't made any huge mistakes in my logic (of course, ...
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HMAC256(K,m) vs HMAC256(K,K)

I have a key size of 128 bits. My message size is fairly short (e.g., 32 bits - and widely known). Although I am doing a SHA256, the result of the HMAC will be truncated to 128 bits. So my question is:...
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Does the security proof of HMAC somehow change if it's instantiated with sponge-based hash functions with small rate and large capacity?

HMAC was introduced in [1], as a MAC that has its security proof based on the properties on the underlaying hash function. The hash functions considered in that paper were ones based on the Merkle-...
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byte significance with hash functions

I am using the python hmac module to generate an authentication code. Given a key, message, and hash function (I am using md5), the library returns an authentication code as a python bytes object. I ...
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Is is safe to use MtEtM? (MAC-then-Encrypt and Encrypt-than-MAC)

Assuming I am using different secrets/keys for each MAC pass, does running both MtE and EtM creates any vulnerability? This is what I mean about doing MtEtM: ...
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How are ChaCha-based ARC4Random CSPRNGs initialized and reseeded?

I'm doing a spare-time project to collect cryptographic algorithms, implement them, and lastly benchmark them. For the CSPRNG part, I'm evaluating NIST-SP-800-90Ar1 HMAC-DRBG and CTR-DRBG (Hash-DRBG ...
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Encrypting data with HMAC-SHA1 challenge response as the key

I came across a piece of software that uses the following algorithm to generate a symmetric encryption key to encrypt data. Generate a non-secret 64 byte random string $M$ (fixed challenge) Generate ...
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Is HKDF one-way, namely given `Ko` it's hard to guess `Ki`?

For background, a HKDF (hmac based key derivation function) takes the form of Ko = KDF(Ki, Label, Context, Len) where Ki is the ...
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Prove that you have the data when hash is public

I am designing an online service where users can upload files (3d models) for processing. I want to speed up things when the same file is uploaded by many different users by allowing them to post a ...
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PBKDF2-HMAC Collisions

Trying to understand the well known property of these collisions when used with SHA1, SHA256, etc. where a given key is larger than the block size of the digest function. In these cases the smaller of ...
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Create a TOTP for machines using HMAC or AES

I'm trying to create a sort of Time-based One Time Password (TOTP) where machines are involved (not humans). In this kind of TOTP the step is 15 minutes between one code to the next one and both ...
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Is an HMAC based on a second-preimage resistant hash function always unforgeable?

If hash function is collision-resistant, then its associated HMAC is always unforgeable. But suppose that a hash function is only second-preimage resistant, not necessarily collision-resistant. Then ...
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Does HMAC support or guarantee confidentiality? [closed]

I know that HMAC supports or guarantees both authentication and integrity, but does it also provide confidentiality?
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Break HMAC-SHA256 of PAN with known hash?

Imagine a database containing hashed (HMAC) Primary Account Numbers (PANs ) and associated identifiable information (e.g. transactions). Consider a data breach. Prior to the breach, an attacker made ...
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Is it acceptable to use a HMAC-SHA256 hash as a secp256k1 private key?

Say I want to generate a deterministic private key related to some data, for instance to a domain name. The easiest way I can think of is: take a secret material which will work as "generator&...
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Authenticated, Quantum-resistant GPG2?

GPG2 does not provide authentication. It still uses SHA-1 by default. It does not seem to get any stronger as time goes by. If one were to pass a randomly-generated symmetric key (from a TRNG) over ...
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Is it safe to use the same password/secret for both VeraCrypt volume and its HMAC?

I am trying to script the integrity check of a VeraCrypt volume. ...
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Extending AES-GCM initialization vector

We all know that applications of crypto primitives like to not think about the management of nonces, and initialization vectors and often prefer to just set them to random values. This sometimes leads ...
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How is it possible that these two encryption functions yield the same result?

I opened this post in stackoverflow some time ago where I explained a problem I had about not finding a way that would allow to successfully get the result of a string encrypted with a "aes-256-...
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HMAC SHA256 - fixed vs dynamic key - security and collision impacts

Assume we should apply an hmac sha256 on different messages made of incremental numbers (Ex. 1 to 1 billion). Does it make sense in terms of security to apply a different fixed key for each message? ...
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With AES encryption and a known key and plaintext, can an attacker create a different key and plaintext resulting in the same ciphertext?

In short: with AES encryption can an attacker create a new key2 and plaintext2 so that AESkey1(plaintext1) = AESkey2(plaintext2) If so, can it be solved by just applying for instance a MAC like AES-...
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HMAC for hash list

If I have a very large input to hash with a hash function vulnerable to length extention and I am using a hash list, should I HMAC each part of the input or just HMAC the final hash of all the hashes ?...
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Using HMAC with AES modes that do NOT require padding [closed]

I'm trying to use HMAC with AES modes that do not require any sort of padding. Although I am aware that modes like AES-GCM and ...
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OpenSSL FIPS integrity check

As far as I know, FIPS requires a set of self tests (POST) to verify the cryptographic algorithms permitted and the integrity of the module. These tests are performed at run-time, so OpenSSL does a ...
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What is the best way of deterministically choosing N of M, given 32 bytes of sha256?

I have a list of M=10,000..100,000 items and 32 bytes of sha256 H. I want to choose N=10..100 items (without order). Is there an efficient way to do this? Or should I use something like ...
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Why the salt is used as a key in the extract phase of HKDF?

What is the reason that in the HKDF standard (RFC5869), in the "extract" phase, the 'salt" parameter is instantiated as HMAC key, and the secret keying material 'IKM' is instantiated as HMAC input ...
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Is it okay to reuse a single symmetric key for a large volume of messages and HMACs, so long as “nonces” are randomly generated for both of them?

https://www.reddit.com/r/crypto/comments/fnku50/nonce_reuse_vs_iv_reuse/ Nonce reuse with the same key is catastrophic to security. The same premise holds for initialization vectors. If the key ...
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Integrity for mixture of encrypted/unencrypted database fields

I have multiple blobs each (symmetrically) encrypted with its own randomly generated key. Now I want to encrypt these blob keys with user keys and store them in a database. A table could have the ...
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Why Authenticated Encryption the same message again is not secure?

It is the Exercise 9.14 (9.1) from the book A graduate course in applied cryptography by Boneh and Shoup. Let $(E, D)$ be an AE-secure cipher. a. $E_1(k,m):=(E(k,m), E(k,m));$ $$D_1(k,(c_1,c_2)):= ...
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does using an HMAC protect against hash table DoS attacks?

For a hash set where the values are supplied by a third party, one concern is that an attacker can run a denial of service attack by creating many values that all fall into one bucket of the hash ...
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What is the difference between a PRF and a PRP, and are cryptographic hash functions the same as HMAC (PRFs or PRPS)?

I read one answer to a similar question that put forth that a hash function is distinct from a PRF, however I've also found materials purporting that cryptographic hash functions are PRFs, and I'm not ...
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Is it possible to affect the output of HMAC w/ SHA-512 by providing it with a custom message?

Consider an HMAC algorithm that uses SHA-512 with an unknown private key. Is it possible to affect its output, either partially or totally, by providing it with carefully crafted messages? For the ...
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Why is double encryption used to generate EphIDs in DP3T?

The most famous proposed COVID-19 application is DP3T. In this app a user constantly broadcasts EphIDs generated from a secret key as follows: $$EphID 1 || ... || EphID n = PRG( PRF(SK_t , “broadcast ...
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How to generate temporary Credentials for TURN server Using TURN REST API in Java

I am new to this site, hence I apologize for my English and way of phrasing the question. I am trying to generate temporary credentials to my TURN server using the TURN secret that I generated with ...
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Does pepper *require* an HMAC?

Assume you are already given a properly-salted, password hash $X$ from some slow PBKDF (e.g., like Argon2id). Now, you want to apply some large (~256-bit) secret "pepper" $S$ to it before storing it ...

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