Cryptography

Questions tagged [initialization-vector]

Ask Question

Unique data used by block cipher modes of operation to randomize the output in order to achieve semantic security. Also for other similar constructs in other iterative algorithms.

308 questions
Newest
Active
Bountied
Unanswered
Filter by
Sorted by
Tagged with
10
votes
1answer
928 views

Why does SHA2-224 use different IV's than SHA2-256?

Given that it's otherwise just a truncation, I can guess that being able to compute the 224 value from the 256 value is an unwanted property, but that's just speculation.
1
vote
2answers
41 views

Multiple IV CBC

CBC's encryption is not paralelizable but I could divide a 64 block message in 4 16 block parts and encrypt those 4 parts separatly in parallel using a diferent IV for each one. Is this unsecure ? Is ...
0
votes
2answers
68 views

Find IV and the key ? AES with CFB or OFB

I have a question about the AES-128 and AES-256 encryption method. I need to encrypt 64-bit size data in and out. I want to encrypt them with AES. So I turned to AES-OFB or AES-CFB because these ...
2
votes
0answers
45 views

Is it okay to have no IV when using AES-CBC with unique keys, that are however derived from one shared key?

Given $\operatorname{AES-CBC}$ (128-bit), with $IV=0$ and unique encryption keys $$K_{Enc} = \operatorname{CMAC}(MK, \text{known_text})$$ where $MK$ is a shared symmetric 128-bit key and $\text{...
1
vote
1answer
78 views

Encryption with Web Crypto API (SubtleCrypto)

I want to end-to-end encrypt items in a stateless environment. These items have an identifier (random string). Now I want to add encryption by adding a random key. The URL could be ...
1
vote
1answer
41 views

JOSE: JWE CEK Initialization Vector Position or Reuse

So I am attempting to generate a JWE using an X25519 to encrypt the for the Content Encryption Key (CEK) and AES-256-GCM for the content. My issue however is that NaCl needs an IV (nonce in NaCl) for ...
0
votes
1answer
42 views

AES-256 CTR with ESSIV, is this correct?

I am having some problems encrypting disk using AES-256 in CTR mode, with ESSIV iv generation (I am aware of couple of flaws, although this mode is enough for now). What I have here is: ...
3
votes
1answer
69 views

Number of keystreams generated in Kreyvium for a single key/IV pair

Kreyvium employs 128-bit key and 128-bit IV. By a single initialization procedure using a key/IV pair, how many keystreams can be generated?
1
vote
1answer
73 views

ECRYPT Salsa20 Test Vectors Interpretation

I am currently implementing Salsa20 for my bachelor thesis. After having verified all the functions needed for the final encryption function with the given test data in the specification from DJB, I ...
1
vote
1answer
99 views

Crypto system design : How to design Encryption for Zero width characters

Zero width character's can be used to hide text in plain sight.I am building a system where user's can provide their secret message , cover message and a password (key) which I would encrypt and give ...
1
vote
0answers
39 views

Can Trivium ciphertext be decrypted by an adversary if the key is known, but the IV is not?

Suppose that the adversary is able to recover the key of Trivium cipher. But the associated IV is unknown to him. Will he be able to decrypt the ciphertexts without any complexity?
5
votes
1answer
328 views

What is the significance of IV in stream ciphers like Trivium?

In Trivium cipher, an 80-bit key and 80-bit IV (initialization vector) are used initially to set up the initial state. I would like to know, Role of IV in stream cipher? Can we make IV a secret ...
1
vote
1answer
47 views

When using CBC-ESSIV for disk encryption, why does the generation of IV require a hash then encryption instead of only one hash?

The CBC-ESSIV algorithm specifies how to calculate the IV to use for a given key (K) and sector number (S) as the following: $$\text{IV} = \operatorname{Enc}(\operatorname{Hash}(K) , S)$$ https://en....
3
votes
1answer
66 views

If I allow arbitrary initial hash values for SHA-256, what would be the weaknesses?

The initial hash values (IV) of SHA256 are fixed. However, let's say I modify the SHA256 hash function to allow the attacker to use arbitrary IVs rather than fixed IVs. What kind of weaknesses would ...
2
votes
2answers
118 views

Size of IV in AES-GCM according to RFC 4106

RFC 4106 specifies about nonce. It contains a salt of size 4 octets and an iv of size 8 octets. Further, RFC specifies that salt is assigned at the beginning of the security associations which is ...
2
votes
1answer
342 views

IV generation best practice for AES-256 CBC

I saw some SWIFT code that generates IV for AES 256 from selecting 16 characters from a-zA-Z0-9 space. Is this secure? Sufficiently secure? What is the best practice to generate IV for AES 256? Will ...
2
votes
1answer
156 views

Finding the IV values of SHA-256 given all message blocks

Given all message blocks $w[i],i \in 0:63$ and assume that $n<128$ (arbitrary) bits $x_1,x_2,...,x_n$ of the IV values are unknown (e.g., $h_7$ bits are unknown) while other IV values coincide with ...
2
votes
1answer
37 views

Longer IV generation from a single block IV for ICBC

I was reading a question about ICBC here and it mentioned that you would need a $s \cdot n$-bit $IV$ if you would use $s$ "stripes", where $n$ is the blocksize. Say that we don't like transmit that ...
2
votes
1answer
46 views

Reusing IV but still generating different code?

I'm in a beginner's cryptography class and I'm trying to figure out if I'm doing something wrong, or if I just don't understand why something is the way it is. I created a simple .txt file of 124 ...
2
votes
3answers
1k views

Does the Initialization Vector in DES have to be 8 bytes long?

I was experimenting around with DES and decided to implement an IV (Initialization Vector) for it. I noticed that in DES, which is 56 bits and 8 parity bits, the IV would be 8 bytes in length. Does ...
3
votes
2answers
807 views

Given the key, the plain text and the cipher text can I calculate the IV used in CBC mode?

If I have the plain text, the ciphertext and the key for an AES-128 CBC operation, can I determine the IV, even if I don't know the padding (assuming the padding follows one of the more common formats)...
2
votes
1answer
37 views

Security implications of not concatenating a 1 to the IV when using GCM

When using GCM, The padding string $0^{31}||1$ is appended to the IV. I know that this is done to avoid the repetition of $E_K(0^n)$ which is used as key for the GHash. But what would be the security ...
0
votes
2answers
270 views

How to generate a 128 bit IV from a 32 bit value for AES-128 OFB

I have no clue how to determine suitable 128 bit IV (initialization vector) from a 32 bit IV. Encryption AES-128 OFB. The 32 bit IV has value 0x9a23773c (...
1
vote
1answer
183 views

How does reusing IV for OFB mode breaks the scheme

Consider a Plaintext P1 and Ciphertext P2, which is known to the attacker. If the attacker knows that the IV used in encrypting P1 in OFB mode is the same used to encrypt another plaintext P2, how can ...
2
votes
2answers
330 views

using different IV and SALT with AES-CBC but same KEY

I'm working on this project where a client can send a message, now obviously sending it in plainText is not very smart. So I decided to Encrypt it with AES-CBC. Now, each time I encrypt something, ...
1
vote
1answer
47 views

Is it safe to compute HMAC(Base64(IV) || “,” || Base64(CipherText)) instead of HMAC(IV || CipherText)?

Let || be the concatenation operator. Let CipherText = AES(Key1, IV, Message). Let us assume AES is used in CBC mode. I want ...
2
votes
3answers
202 views

AES Cipher Block Chaining 128 bit message

I understand that for AES CBC you need to split the plaintext up into blocks and perform XOR'ing using the previous blocks calculations etc. However, if your message is exactly 128 bits long, do you ...
3
votes
1answer
148 views

Best practices for IV generation

What are the best practices for IV generation for AES and other algorithms? Is RNG enough? What if I cannot use RNG and need to use a variable that is related to some characteristic of the ...
0
votes
0answers
42 views

Is it possible to encrypt a message stream with the same IV each time and for it to be secure?

I know we should ideally never reuse the IV (Depending upon the mode of encryption used), but is it possible to have a protocol which uses the same IV for the message stream and is as safe as one ...
1
vote
1answer
120 views

Attacking Double DES (OFB Mode) given the initialization vector and not much else? [closed]

I'm given a Plaintext/Ciphertext pair, a Ciphertext to break, and the IV. One thing of note is that the same IV is used for both DES Encryptions, so $$C = E_{K_2}(E_{K_1}(P, IV), IV)$$ I have limited ...
0
votes
1answer
61 views

Can I use a fixed IV with AES-GCM if I only encrypt unique plaintext values? [duplicate]

My use case guarantees that all plaintext values are unique. In this case, is it safe to use a fixed IV with AES-GCM to carry our encryption/decryption?
0
votes
1answer
145 views

Is the AES-GCM encryption using the SHA256 hash of the plaintext as IV secure?

I want to encrypt a list of unique values and I want the property of when I encrypt the same value I get the same ciphertext (determinism). The adversary only observes the ciphertexts of a unique set ...
3
votes
1answer
354 views

AES-CBC streaming configuration IV usage

I am interested in the implications of using AES-CBC in a streaming configuration. Reading the specifications of a few protocols I notice that when using AES-CBC they include IV + ciphertext + HMAC ...
0
votes
1answer
82 views

It is the IV shared in CBC mode?

I don't know if the IV in CBC mode is equal in both sides of the encryption and decryption operations. I know that the IV must be unpredictable, but has it to be MACed in the encryption side to be ...
1
vote
1answer
1k views

AES-GCM cipher - Nonce vs IV

I am using a Python library called PyCryptodome, which offers the following API for AES-GCM ciphers: https://pycryptodome.readthedocs.io/en/latest/src/cipher/aes.html As you see, IV is not ...
2
votes
3answers
858 views

What happens if you increment MAX counter in AES-CTR?

Suppose you use a IV/counter = ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffin AES-CTR. What will happen if you encrypt the next block, and thereby increment the counter by one? ...
0
votes
1answer
130 views

Signal Protocol Header key encryption initialization vector

In Signal Protocol when you use a Double Ratchet you have 2 options: Normal encryption = header + ciphertext Encrypted header encryption = ...
3
votes
2answers
117 views

Why BouncyCastleAesCbcBytesEncryptor is using a salt and an initialization vector?

I'm using the class BouncyCastleAesCbcBytesEncryptor from Spring Security. One of the constructor has the following signature: ...
0
votes
2answers
334 views

IVs in WEP encryption

First, I'm pretty new to the world of encryption. As I understand it, in WEP, the plaintext and CRC are XOR'd with the IV and the key (or more accurately, the key/stream, which is produced by a pseudo-...
0
votes
0answers
140 views

Is it possible to recover the key to a decrypted file? [duplicate]

Is it possible to recover the key to a decrypted file if you have the initialization vector and it uses RijndaelManaged in CBC mode? If so how? The file I want to recover the key from is a xml that ...
8
votes
3answers
2k views

Can a zero nonce be safely used with AES-GCM if the key is random and never used again?

I could generate a random nonce and prepend it to the ciphertext, but storage space is at a premium and the only constraint AES-GCM has on the nonce (if I'm reading correctly) is that the same nonce ...
0
votes
0answers
44 views

What is the most secure way to encrypt certain properties in logs

I would like to encrypt certain data before logging it. Currently, I use a private key and a static IV. Looking at generating a suitable IV I am concerned about the overhead in generating CSPRNG ...
0
votes
1answer
58 views

Randomly initialised global counter used to encrypt the kth message with IV = IV + k mod 2^n

The use of an increasing IV is not secure for a block cipher. That is, using a random IV for the first message then IV + 1 for the second , IV + 2 for the 3rd etc. How can I construct an attack to ...
2
votes
1answer
485 views

IPsec : transmission of Initialization Vector

I am currently carrying scholar research about IPsec protocol, and I have a question regarding the IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). Is the initialization vector of operation mode transmitted ...
1
vote
1answer
121 views

IV Re-use and Chosen Plaintext against 56bit Blowfish (CBC)

I am looking at a very old protocol which uses Blowfish to encrypt packets with a constant 8-byte IV in CBC mode. Assuming I have: The ability to arbitrary encrypt known plaintexts The IV I know ...
1
vote
1answer
318 views

AES-GCM cipher tag and IV size, while attempting to render encrypted ciphertext useless by removing them

I'm using AES in GCM mode of operation for encryption/decryption & authentication of segments of data in a file. The layout of each segment can be summerized by this diagram. Each segment is ...
0
votes
1answer
279 views

how to compute IV with AES CTR if key, plaintext and ciphertext are known?

Given $E_k$, which a block-cipher using the (known) key $k$, and a plaintext-ciphertext pair $(p,c)$ where $c$ is the encryption of $p$ using CTR mode, can the initialization vector be recovered using ...
0
votes
2answers
413 views

Is it required to use a random IV for AES-CBC with random key per message? [duplicate]

I'm developing a program to encrypt and decrypt a file with AES-256/CBC in Java. And I want it to be safe enough. In my case, I generated random AES key for each file to encrypt and decrypt them. My ...
1
vote
1answer
348 views

Alter plaintext through IV in block cipher AES in CBC mode

IV: 69bb375aa919c72aa561dd7b7ffacf66 Ciphertext: "c28ea025d10186510855d083747d6435c808d9857075abd9bfc54b094e60eaf3" Plaintext: "SEND ENCRYPTED DATA" I want to be able to change the resulting ...
2
votes
2answers
2k views

AES-256 GCM IV guidelines

If I use for example AES-256 (GCM), and my message is bigger than 256 bit (broken into smaller 256 bit blocks for encryption), should the IV change for every 256 bits of the message?

1
2 3 4 5
…
7