Questions tagged [sha-256]
SHA-256 is part of the SHA-2 family of hash functions with a 256-bit output and a 128-bit security level.
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Scrypt KDF cipher (scrypt CLI) - known vulnerabilities and cryptanalysis?
There is a scrypt cipher that is used for example by some cryptos like LItecoin for their mining algorithm.
I never heard of scrypt. I know eg SHA-256 which is well analyzed and considered as secure ...
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Does hashing a hash of a password over and over again increase its security?
I've heard of password cracking attacks using a list of commonly used passwords. Suppose in my situation, I can never be sure about the strength of the password, that a user inputs to my interface. So ...
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Minimizing exchanges for ZK proof of a message with given SHA-256
Consider the problem of proving knowledge of a message $m$ which has a certain public SHA-256 hash $h$, without disclosing $m$ or usable information about it, while minimizing the information exchange ...
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Does concatinating mutliple digests of hashes from CSRN result in a CSRN?
Kind of a noob question. Suppose;
We generate 1,000 cryptographic-ally secure random numbers & store each of them in an array1.
For each number in this array1, we take the hash sha256(CSRN) then ...
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1answer
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What is the use of encoding a hash output?
In many applications, the MD5 algorithm is used which produces a 128-bit output which is represented as a sequence of 32 hexadecimal digits.
This output is further encoded using a base62 or base64 ...
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Partial key reveal for SHA-256 hash
Let's say I have a message 0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz which gives me the SHA-256 hash ...
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Idea behind internal SHA-2 functions
In the SHA-2 family, specifically SHA-256, there are functions called Sigma0 and Sigma1, which look like this:
...
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1answer
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Is iterative sha256 adequate for local password manager?
I'm fairly entry-level crypto; not a cryptographer by any stretch... I am at the level of ability to implement most of the traditional packages in python; the hashlib hashes and EAS, ECDSA ...
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“One-Wayness” of SHA 1
I recently started learning about Hash Functions for my first time, and I've gone through and have tried to understand the SHA1 process.
Brilliant does an excellent job of explaining it step by step.
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Read the result of the hash by SHA-256 as a number
I want to read the full output hash of SHA-256 as a number. How I can do it? Is it in the range of 0 to 2^256?
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Do a 160-bit SHA-1 hash and a 160-bit slice of a SHA-256 hash have the same strength in terms of collision-free?
Take OpenPGP fingerprint for example. If the 40-digit hex standard remains unchanged, would it be helpful to upgrade SHA-1 to SHA-256 (but only taking the last 160 bits), in terms of reducing the risk ...
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SHA256 output to 1-6 number range?
I want to calculate a random number (1 to 6) from the output of sha256. Can I assurance the probability of 6 abilities is the same?
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If all encrypt algorithms in TLS1.3 ciphersuites are AEAD , why do they keep including a Hash algorithm?
In TLS1.3 all allowed algorithms included in cipher suites are AEAD, which means they don't just encrypt but they authenticate too (thus if I don't misunderstand, they give not only confidentiality ...
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If a new hash function were made that simply truncated sha-256 to the first N bits, how much insight would it provide into sha-256?
Clearly it would provide perfect insight if all 256 bits were used. What about if 255 were used? Would the general behavior and properties of "sha-255" be expected to be close to sha-256? What about "...
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Given a hash function; assuming domain % codomain = 0 and uniform collision distribution; how is entropy lost by collisions (not output truncation)?
Assuming our domain and codomain both have 4 elements, the uniform distribution of inputs to outputs means the function is injective. It is widely agreed that randomly selecting a domain element ...
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are there more efficient methods than HMAC to achieve convergent encryption?
I’m thinking about the convergent encryption system described in the top answer to this question. However, it seems like preferred modern HMAC algorithms like HMAC-SHA256 (as used in step 2 to create ...
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Entropy preservation through cryptographic hash function
Background
First, while studying MinEntropy a bit, I came across an NIST paper, "DRAFT SP 800-90B (second draft)," which suggests "twice" the entropy of the underlying block of a cryptographic hash ...
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Pre-Image Resistance of repeated, patterned SHA2-256 digests
Suppose $H = \operatorname{SHA2-256}$.
Let $H_1 = H(\text{“Alpha1”})$.
Let $H_2 = H(\text{“Alpha2”})$.
…
Let $H_N = H(\text{“AlphaN”})$.
So all these digests are based off a common pre-image post-...
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Would a non-envelop, prefix only, SHA2 built MAC be susceptible to key recovery attacks?
When aiming to build a MAC, classic literature discusses the use of Envelopes or key "Sandwich" to build MACs. These were proved to be as secure as HMAC in “Sandwich” Is Indeed Secure: How to ...
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Can I prove that hash of modified preimage is valid
Assume that hash(X) == Y
Alice knows both X and Y
Bob only knows Y
Alice generates a random nonce N and shares it with Bob.
Alice calculates H = hash(X⊕N) and shares H with Bob.
Can Alice prove to ...
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1answer
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Is there a SHA-256 value which hashes to itself? [duplicate]
Getting curious about SHA-256 cycles (what happens if you hash a value repeatedly), I came across this question:
Cycles in SHA256
The first answer suggests that using a 7-bit hash, it's possible to ...
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Why does LastPass use exactly 100100 PBKDF2 rounds
LastPass encryption scheme is recently changed to use more PBKDF2 rounds, specifically 100100. This seems like a really weird number choose. From what I understand brute force time scales linearly ...
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KCV scheme that encrypts a hash over key and IV
Is there anything wrong with this key-check value scheme?
This question is a follow-up to an earlier question of mine. In summary, I want to devise a key-check value scheme that will enable my ...
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Security levels in NIST Post-quantum project: e.g. AES-128 vs SHA-256
In an article about NIST Post-quantum Standardization project I read about the security criteria of the proposed schemes and there was this table (Level I lowest security, level V highest):
Level I: ...
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Hashing high entropy key into AES format
If I have a high entropy key (ECDHE shared secret), what type of hash should I use to format this into an AES-256 key? Is Sha256 or Sha3_256 sufficient to maintain entropy or do I need to use a KDF (...
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SHA-256 : Finding two strings that the first n bits of hash value are same [duplicate]
How can I find two strings that have the same hash value for first $n$ bits in SHA-256? I'm implementing it by Python and I have the following ideas and problems:
Keep generating two random string
...
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1answer
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How were the arbitrary values used inside SHA-256 algorithm determined?
I am studying the SHA-256 algorithm, and I am wondering something about it. How were the values used inside of the algorithm determined?
Take a look for example at how the 16-64th Words are generated....
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CRC32 catches errors, but then what's the point of SHA?
If crc or CRC32 is specially designed to catch errors, then what's the point of SHA or md4-5 or any other hashing function? What I did was, I had a 190 mb png file (rendered in 16k resolution with ...
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Rationale of the SHA-256 sigma function definitions
When the sigma functions are defined in equations (4.4) and (4.5) in FIPS PUB 180-4, the defined functions show the traditional sigma summation symbol, with limits 0 to {256} and 1 to {256}. The ...
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Would SHA-256(SHA-256(x)) produce collisions?
Was reviewing some Bitcoin public-key hash literature and the use of RIPEMD-160 and the SHA-256 as below:
RIPEMD160(SHA256(ECDSA_publicKey))
The Proof-of-work ...
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Is SHA256 resistant to second preimage attack?
I am looking into building a merkle tree algorithm and I need to know if SHA256 is resistant to second preimage attack.
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Has SHA256 been broken by Treadwell Stanton DuPont?
In a recent press release issued by Treadwell Stanton DuPont, the claim is made that their research laboratories have successfully broken all 64 rounds of the SHA256 hashing algorithm. They further ...
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Is the AES-GCM encryption using the SHA256 hash of the plaintext as IV secure?
I want to encrypt a list of unique values and I want the property of when I encrypt the same value I get the same ciphertext (determinism). The adversary only observes the ciphertexts of a unique set ...
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1answer
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Hash key expansion
A hash H is given by H = SHA256(K + N), where K is an unknown 64 character hex key and N is a known nonce.
The nonce N is then mapped to a final result R between 1 ...
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1answer
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Using an AES-256-GCM key as a salt to SHA-256
Assume 256 bit keys are randomly generated and data is encrypted using AES-GCM-256 prior to being sent to a server.
The goal is to enable the server to determine uniqueness of data it receives ...
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Statistical Analysis of Cryptographic Hashing Algorithms
I was wondering how can I use NIST Statistical Test Suite to check for the randomness of output generated by a cryptographic hashing algorithm, let say SHA-256?
To be specific, how will I generate ...
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Use a SHA256 as a key for AES256
Is it safe to use the SHA256 of a hard-to-bruteforce string as the key to encrypt data with AES256?
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1answer
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Circular hash collision where digest is pre-image: Could hash(a) = b, hash(b)=c, then hash(c)=a?
For any SHA-family of algorithms (including Keccak) except for SHA1, would it be theoretically possible for there to exist a pre-image a whose hash digest ...
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Is it possible to truncate AES output and keep uniqueness (no decryption needed)? [duplicate]
I would like to hash numbers less than 1000000000, so generally they could be stored on 30 bits. The aim is to obtain numbers that are not reversible, so my initial plan was to use SHA256 (with some ...
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1answer
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Does every language's SHA256 implementation provide different result for the same value [duplicate]
Probably this is very naive question, based on lack of understanding but I was watching a video from Andreas M. Antonopoulos about blockchain, bitcoin and consensus algorithms and he asked for the SHA-...
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Bitcoin mining nonce and birthday attack
Having read the basics of mining and this about SHA256 (probabilistic?) partial preimage possible? and SAT solving - An alternative to brute force bitcoin mining, I have the following question:
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SHA256 creates a unique hash for two *.wim that have identical content - are there better methods for verifying *.wim contents? [closed]
I'm trying to verify that the contents of a Windows Image are identical for two WIM files; however, I think the timestamps for the file modifications are affecting the final checksums--even though the ...
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Collision resistance of partial SHA-256 hashes XOR'ed
My hashing algorithm computes the SHA-256 for each of 12 input strings and XORs them to get the final hash.
Is there a risk of an attacker being able to forge 2 sets of inputs that yield the same ...
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1answer
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Do I still need SHA256 if I already had a AES 256 key that is 44 characters long?
Several months ago, I was required to research on AES and SHA-256 to make a secured license system for my app. However, I was dumb enough that couldn't distinguish between the 256 bits from AES and ...
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SHA-256: One input, two different outputs?
I am new to SHA-256. I have discovered that the same input could produce different SHA-256 hash ouputs depending on the (online) device I chose for generating the hash.
Is this normal, or is there a ...
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How does sha-2 with fewer rounds work?
The wikipedia page about sha-2 states:
Currently, the best public attacks break preimage resistance for 52 out of 64 rounds of SHA-256 or 57 out of 80 rounds of SHA-512
How exactly is the sha-256 ...
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Hashing a hash for authentication
I currently use Argon2 to derive a key (I will use a salt which I will save in a file as plaintext for when I later need to derive a key again) from a given password which I will use to encrypt a file ...
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Suitable 16-bit checksum?
I am writing a toy1 transport protocol and I am trying to implement a feature whereby:
A 16-bit checksum is included in every packet.
This checksum can be extended to be 48-bit if the data is large, ...
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Is it possible for a hash in SHA-256 to have more than 8 digits? [closed]
Is it ever possible for a hash to have more than 8 digits in SHA-256?
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Why initialize values and array SHA256 with specific buffer?
Why initialize values and array SHA256 with specific buffer?
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