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An asymmetric cipher is an encryption scheme using a pair of keys, one to encrypt and a second to decrypt a message. This way the encrypting key need not be kept secret to ensure a private communication. Similarly in public key authentication, the verification key can be public and the signing key private.
2
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Why have Nonce and why encrypt everything in step 2 for Needham-Schroeder?
Nonces are just there to protect from replay attacks.
In Step 2, Na proves that S got Na from A. Encryption proves that you got private key.
Sending Kbs{Kab} to A makes no sense because A doesn't kn …