5
That would appear to be RC4, which is a well known (if not well trusted) cryptographical algorithm, original designed by Ron Rivest.
The part you quoted is the Key Setup Algorithm, which is run before you actually encrypt/decrypt anything. The part which is written in an unusual (but correct) way is the last 5 lines, which does a swap of cdict[i] and cdict[...
3
VMAC was a joint work by Wei Dai and Ted Krovetz. It so happens that Wei Dai at that time was also actively working on his own cryptographic library (Crypto++), which of course also includes VMAC.
You can find the test vectors here and the optimized implementation here.
Two examples for VMAC-AES-128 are:
Key: "abcdefghijklmnop"
IV: "bcdefghi"
Message: ""
...
2
Aren't they delievering by the network the same as the encypted messages?
No. At least not in the plain.
What doing it end-to-end encrypted?
Try to search for the key agreement protocol (e. g. Diffie-Hellman ) and asymmetric encryption (e.g. RSA ).
The "asymmetric" encryption allows sending encrypted and signed messages without sharing the private (...
1
$A:\mathbb{F}_2^m\rightarrow \mathbb{F}_2^m$ is the state space map induced by the primitive length $m$ LFSR.
Thus it maps the zero vector of length $m$ to itself and in general the LFSR state $(a_0,a_1, \ldots,a_{m-1})$ to $(a_1,\ldots,a_m)$.
$A^i$ is just $A$ iterated $i$ times (shift LFSR $i$ times).
Then, the APN map $z=(z_1,\ldots,z_n)=F(x_1,x_2)$ ...
1
In a "fair trade" paper at Bitcoin workshop Financial Crypto 2016, a snark-proof was introduced to assure that a message (a Sudoku solution) could be properly decrypted.
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