The attacker can specify his own plain text and encrypt or sign it.
The attacker can specify his own plain text and encrypt or sign it. He can carefully craft it to learn characteristics about the algorithm.
For example he can provide an empty text, a text which consists of one "a", two "aa", ...
If Vigenère cipher is used for example, it is very easy to extract the key length and recover the key by repeating one letter.
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