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Let $E$ be an elliptic curve over $\mathbf F_p$ given by the equation $y^2 = x^3 + Ax + B$. Then a quadratic twist $E'$ of $E$ is given by the equation $\beta y^2 = x^3 + Ax + B$ where $\beta$ is not a square. Now you have a point $(x_0, y_0)$ you suppose is not on $E'$. Then to make it on a twist, you need to find $\beta$ such that $\beta {y_0}^2 = {x_0}^3 ... 4 TL:DR; The algorithm is working in parallel, however not practical due to the number of DNA strands requirements for safe-curves. Generic Discrete logarithm algorithms can easily beat this, [see here]. The algorithm The algorithms work in theory. The authors use$Q =lP$let change it$Q = [x]P$. Their method, actually, is highly parallelized like any DNA ... 3 meet-in-the-middle attacks rely on storing the results in a map Only the naive version of MitM does. The impractical memory requirement (size and accesses) of naive MitM can be greatly lowered with a relatively modest increase in other computation costs, and the calculation distributed to independent devices. The reference paper is Paul C. van Oorschot and ... 3 In elliptic curve algebra, operations are computed over a field. In your case, the field is$\mathbb{F}_{11}$.$\mathbb{F}_{11}$is a finite field containing 11 elements ($\{0,1,2,...,10\}$), and like every field there is and addition and multiplicative law. Theses two laws work other the ring of integers modulo 11 (often noted$\mathbb{Z}/11\mathbb{Z}$). ... 2 Diffie-Hellman on Curve25519 and Curve448 is specified on RFC 7748 and the algorithm clearly mentions that the scalar must be a multiple of the cofactor (by setting the 2 or 3 least significant bits to zero depending of the curve). If you choose a key with least significant bits not all zeros, then it depends of the implementation. An correct implementation ... 2 With Elliptic Curves, we can compute the order of any point (and, in particular, the point$nP$; this is especially easy on the curves we actually use for ECC, because those curves typically have an order$hq$, for a small$h$and a large prime$q$(and the order of any point is a divisor of$hq$). So, if$q$is the order of the point$nP$, and if$n$is ... 1 No, DNA computing doesn't harness quantum phenomenon to achieve parallelisation/quantum speedup, DNA computing still falls under the classical classification. Landauer's principle asserts that there is a minimum possible amount of energy required to erase one bit of information, known as the Landauer limit Taking into account the Landauer limit on ... 1 The comparison can be made according to know attacks and their timings. Your source doesn't provide a reference and date backs to 2015, so that is not a good site as keylength.com. The current values of this answer is taken for 2019. ECC For ECC 128 bit security means we need 256-bit curves due to the generic discrete log attacks that have$\mathcal{O}(\...