# Questions tagged [xof]

An extendable-output function (XOF) is similar to a hash function, but uses the internal state to output a stream of bits instead of a fixed-length octet string.

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### Exact security requirements for extendable output functions (XOF)?

In the FIPS202 document "SHA-3 Standard: Permutation-Based Hash and Extendable-Output Functions" an extendable-output functions is defined as: An extendable-output function (XOF) is a ...
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### How do I use XOF (SHAKE and cSHAKE) in openssl CLI and JavaScript

I am learning about hash functions and I just read about XOF (namely shake and cShake). I will like to test this functions out by myself but I can't seem to find how to use it via the OpenSSL CLI or ...
138 views

### Number of rounds for constant header size in common hashes and XOFs

We compute hash $H(M_0\mathbin\|M_1)$ of size $d\ge1$ for some constant header $M_0$ of size $m_0$, and $\nu\ge1$ messages $M_1$ of random content and size $m_1$. For Merkle-Damgård hashes, a simple ...
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### Why XOFs are more convenient than Hash Functions in modeling Random Oracles

In this answer, it is mentioned that Easier instantiation of random oracles. Some security proofs rely on the so-called random oracle model to prove the security of a given scheme. Normally you'd ...
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### Is it possible to use a XOF function as csrng? [duplicate]

Let's say we "seed" a xof function (eg. SHAKE256) with x cryptographically random bytes (enough so that they can't be bruteforced), could said function be used as a cryptographically secure random ...
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### Are XOFs and KDFs more usable than DRBGs?

CSPRNGs have 2 design requirements: output unpredictability, back-tracing resistance. In addition to which, NIST SP 800-90Ar1 added other features such as a) instance customization/personalization,...
255 views

### Can any hash function based on the sponge construction work as extendable output function?

Keccak provides a sort of very useful XOFs. Can other sponge construction hash function like Spongent work as XOF? Is there any lightweight XOF for hardware or software implementation?
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### Functional difference between stream cipher, XOF, seed expander, KDF, etc

This question is a request for terminology clarification. In a canonical XOF interface, the output can be extended as much as needed, but does input has to be variable-length or can be fixed-length ...
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### What is an extendable output function?

The standardization of SHA-3 included the specification of two functions, SHAKE128 and SHAKE256. Both SHAKEs are referred to as extendable output functions, but what makes a function an extendable ...
172 views

### RSA-KEM: minimal number of random bits

I've already asked a few - as yet officially unanswered - questions about RSA-KEM with regards to the input secret encrypted using the public key here and (less on topic for this question) here. ...
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### Using NIST constructions based on Keccak like cSHAKE128 for other sponges

NIST defines a lot of interesting applications of sponges in FIPS 202 and NIST SP 800-185 like the XOF cSHAKE128 or the MAC scheme KMAC. All this schemes come with a security guarantee and are ...
287 views

### FIPS 202/SHAKE: insecure 3DES key derivation example

I'm trying to understand the following passage from FIPS 202 (the SHA-3 standard), discussing the SHAKE functions' correlated outputs for different output lengths and the risks they induce in some ...
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### Will a SHAKE128 stream cipher be vulnerable to related key attacks?

Suppose that SHAKE is seeded with key concatenated to an IV, will the 'key' stream produced by SHAKE128 vulnerable to related key attacks like RC4 is? My guess is no because seed is already "...