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You probably need to understand that there are analog audio (the ones in 3.5mm cables), and digital audio (Dolby Digital, Linear PCM, DTS, etc.). We can easily encrypt and decrypt digital audio becaus …

I'm very certain it's a editorial error. Typical CTR-DRBGs instantiated with an 128-bit blockcipher use 32-bit counter, and lets you pull out 4 GiB of data safely before needing to reseed.

Passkey (and FIDO in general) generates keypairs on the device rather than on the server. The web servers can only know the type of device that generates them, but can't tell the specific model. This …

It's astonishingly difficult. With RSA, it's literally a mathematical impossibility. With Weierstrass, Montgomery and Edwards elliptic curves, the possibility of generating the same public key from …

Asymmetric cryptography are never space-efficient. For example, in multivariate cryptography the public key is often the expanded matrix of coefficients of indeterminates, where as the private key a …

Guessing: DL -> Discrete Logarithm f -> finite field (of prime order) 3072 -> size of finite field in bits s -> (not sure) SHA? 256 -> size of hash digest or subgroup size (used in DSA the old Digi …

The programming part would be off-topic here, and I believe as an enthusiastic practitioner, you can figure it on your own. Here's an idea for creating an alphabet map: Initialization, 1.1. se …

There's plenty of good posts here if you want to learn more, and I recommend you search for these tags for intro: classical-cipher, block-cipher, stream-cipher, authenticated-encryption, message-authentication-code …

The good news is that, when you use authenticated encryption, there's no need to keep such "dummy" plaintext-ciphertext pair. … In a typical authenticated encryption, a tag is computed based on the key, the plaintext, and possibly additional data (e.g. …

The nonce for the file encryption algorithm - To encrypt a file, you need a block cipher mode of operation or a stream cipher, such encryption algorithm needs a nonce to make it secure to use the same … The encryption algorithm should ideally be authenticated - that is, have an MAC tag appended to the ciphertext, or just straight use an AEAD algorithm such as AES-GCM or ChaCha20-Poly1305. …

Also, since it's not data/message encryption, the input and output are "short". …

I'd suggest using pure access control for security. Using public-key cryptography to protect user communication is very complicated, and have more subtle pitfalls than just users losing their message …

CCM-AES: used most-often in WiFi encryption A short critique of the OP's proposed cipher. …

Modern cryptanalysis are among the tools to verify the security (or completeness as you mentioned) of ciphers. For example, we try to break reduced-round hash functions (e.g. breaking a 16-round SHA-2 …

If we want the encryption algorithm to be useful, different groups of people should be able to easily obtain different permutation by choosing a key. … And this is very bad for an encryption algorithm. …