The seed of a pseudorandom number generator — whether cryptographically secure of not — is the initial input that defines the pseudorandom sequence of outputs generated from it.
It's not really a term that's specific to cryptography, except insofar as there's a considerable amount of overlap between pseudorandom number generation and cryptography, which might be why you haven't been able to find a good definition of it in crypto literature.
That said, such definitions do exist. For example, NIST SP 800-90A rev. 1 provides the following, admittedly perhaps not the most easily digestible one:
Seed
Noun : A string of bits that is used as input to a DRBG mechanism. The seed will determine a portion of the internal state of the DRBG, and its entropy must be sufficient to support the security strength of the DRBG.
Verb : To acquire bits with sufficient entropy for the desired security strength. These bits will be used as input to a DRBG mechanism to determine a portion of the initial internal state.
Also see reseed.
(Note: "DRBG" stands for "Deterministic Random Bit Generator", which is essentially the NIST term for a pseudorandom number generator.)
SP 800-90A also includes a more detailed description of seeds in section 8.6 (appropriately titled "Seeds"), which I would strongly recommend taking a look at if you're interested in PRNG seeding in a cryptographic context. It may, however, be a good idea to start reading a few pages up from section 7 ("Functional Model of a DRBG") to familiarize yourself with the concepts and terminology first.
