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If one takes a loose definition of hillclimbing to mean making a sequence of small perturbations to form a sequence of incrementally improving solutions, early approaches to solving the Playfair ciphe …

More detail is given in Behind the Engima - the authorised history of GCHQ Britain's secret cyber-intelligence agency. … Each codebook received a 'life history', including every message they covered, to ease damage assessment in case of compromise. …

In the nineteenth century telegraphic communications between banks were typically secured by the case of codebooks. Here's a link to an example from the Bank of Montreal. The Enigma machine was suppo …

log M$, which is an observation of Gauss proven by Hadamard and de la Vallée Poussin The complexity of modular exponentiation being $(\log M)^k$ which is over 2000 years old (see Knuth vol. 2 for some history …

I would argue that a great many cryptographic designs lie between the mechanical designs of 2 and the micro-electronic designs of 3. These designs are electronic in nature, but without the universal c …

I could conceive of this in theory. If we look back to when the word "computer" referred to a job done by a human being as early as Renaissance times, computers were capable of lengthy and sophsticate …

It's wrong to treat a Hollywood historical movie as a documentary. It's also wrong to think of Enigma as a single problem with a single solution. There were many variants of the Enigma machine which a …